1. The Global Electrical Circuit: A Review Earle Williams MIT International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity Beijing, China August 2007

2. Outline - Global Circuit The two Global Circuits : How are they different? Carnegie Curve vs Thunder Area Robustness of Carnegie Curve for individual days Effects of Bomb tests in the 50s and 60s Long-term variations Response of global circuit to global change

3. Two Versions of the Global Circuit

4. Classical Analysis of the Global Electrical Circuit Carnegie Curve Thunder Area

5. Wilson (1920) "Thunderclouds and shower clouds" are the sources for the global current.

6. A common Assertion: Thunderstorms are the batteries for the Global Circuit Wallace et Hobbs (1977) Williams ( 1988) Blakeslee et al (1989) Vonnegut (1991) Bering et al (1998) Rycroft at al (2000) Reddell et al (2004) Holzworth et al (2005) Hayakawa et al (2006) Kartalev et al (2005) Nickolaenko et al (2006) WILSON (1920) DID NOT MAKE THIS CLAIM

7. Distinctions in the two Global Circuits

8. The Global Balance Sheet (at Earth’s surface) Fine Weather Current + 60 C Precipitation + 30 C Lightning - 20 C Point Discharge- 100 C Wormell (1930,1953)

9. Vertical continuity of current

10. Global Lightning is more Volatile than the DC Global Circuit Carnegie CurveOTD Analysis Diurnal Time Scale Ionospheric Potential Annual Time Scale

11. Two hypotheses for American Dominance over Africa in the Carnegie Curve 1) Current control by position of magnetic dip equator (Kartalev et al, 2006). 2) Electrified shower curves in South America dominate over Africa.

12. Measurements (Burns et al, 2005) and Predictions (Kartalev et al, 2006) for Seasonal Variations in the Carnegie Curve

13. African Lightning Exceeds South American Lightning Williams and Sátori (2004)

14. Carnegie Curve on Individual Days ? Ralph Markson:We should get the get the same result every day. Bob Holzworth:We can have factor-of-two fluctuations from one day to the next.

15. Diurnal Variations of Ionospheric Potential Note similarity with behavior of ‘carnegie curve’ (Markson et al, 1999)

16. Simultaneously Recorded Electric Field at Two Widely Separated Locations Holzworth et al (1984)

17. Electric Field at South Pole Observatory (Reddell et al, 2004)

18. Schumann Resonance Diurnal Variations H EW

19. Schumann Resonance Diurnal Variations H NS

20. Impact of nuclear weapons testing on Atmospheric Electicity

21. Long-Term Variations in Electric Field at Two Sites in England 1955 1966 1955 1966

22. Global Impact of Radioactive Fallout

23. Ionospheric Potential and Stratospheric Burden of Radioactive Strontium

24. Long-Term Variations of Global Current

25. Downward Trends at Nagycenk (Hungary) and Eskdalemuir (UK) Harrison (2003) Märcz and Harrison (2003)

26. Evidence for Reduced Pollution in the UK in the 20 th Century McIntosh (1957)Decline in smoke concentration at Eskdalemuir Novakov et al (2003)Decline in black soot production from 1920 onward Reduced PollutionEnhanced Conductivity Reduced Electric Field

27. 14 Years of Schumann Resonance Intensity

28. Stability of Electric Field at Kennedy Space Center (Halstead Harrison, GRL 2006)

29. Air Earth current record at Kew Air–earth current measurements at Kew, London, 1909–1979 R.G. Harrison,T, W.J. Ingramb. Atmospheric Research 76 (2005) 49–64 From Harrison and Ingram, 2005

30. Long-Term Variation of Ionospheric Potential

31. Global circuit response to Global warming?

32. Global Warming is Sensitive to Latitude

33. Anticipated Response of Global Circuit to Global Warming Anticipated sensitivity 10% per 1°C Measured global warming (tropics) 0.1°c per decade  Anticipated rate of increase 1% per decade This may go undetected in a short record

34. Temperature and Thunder Days, Fairbanks, AK 1950196019701980199020002010 0 5 10 15 20 Number of Thunder Days Temperature (°F) 52 54 56 58 60 62 Summer Average Temperatures, Fairbanks, AK 1950 - 2005 Summer Thunder Days, Fairbanks, AK

35. CONCLUSIONS  The ‘DC’ and ‘AC’ Global Circuits are correlated, but do not track each other identically, for well established reasons.  Electrified shower clouds (Wilson, 1920) are fundamental in understanding differences between the ‘DC’ and ‘AC’ Global Circuits.  Nuclear weapons tests in the 1950-60’s appear to have had both local and global effects on the Global Circuit.  No substantive evidence exists for a long-term decline in the Global Circuit.  The absence of a clear upward trend in the Global Circuit is not inconsistent with the documented upward trend in temperature.

36. Schumann Resonance Diurnal Variations H EW

37. Schumann Resonance Diurnal Variations H NS

43. Ionospheric Potential

49. Simpson’s (1905) Diurnal Variations in Lapland 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 UT

50. 14 Years of Schumann Resonance Intensity

51. Simpson in Lapland 1904