1. Skeleto-Muscular System & Yoga Poses
Anatomy
Skeleto-Muscular System
&
Yoga Poses

2. Musculoskeletal System
Consists of:
Bones
Cartilages
Joints
Bursae
Ligaments
Tendons
Muscles

3. Skeleton Bone made up of 14% of our total body weight.
Bone get their elasticity from tough elastic rope like fibers known as collagen.
An adult skeleton have 206 bones & a baby’s skeleton have 300 bones or more.

4. Skeleton
The main job of the skeleton is to - provide support for our body. - helps protect your internal organs and fragile body tissues. - provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. - In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone marrow, constantly being produce the new blood cells.

6. Axial Skeleton Made up of 80 bones. Skull (28) Hyoid (1)
Vertebrae (26)
Ribs (24)
Sternum (breast bone) (1)

7. Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of 126 bones.
Upper Extremity (Arms & Shoulder Girdle)
Clavicle (2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)

8. Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of 126 bones.
Lower Extremity (Pelvic Girdle, thighs & legs)
Hip bones (2)
Femur (2)
Patella (Knee cap) (2)
Tibia (2)
Fibula (2)
Tarsals (14)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)

9. Bones
A typical bone has an outer layer of hard which is very strong, dense and tough.
Inside this is a layer of spongy bone, which is like honeycomb, lighter and slightly flexible.
In the middle of some bones is jelly-like bone marrow, where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood.
Calcium is an important mineral that bone cells need to stay strong 

10. Bones
Bones are also the body’s reservoir for calcium, critical in a variety of physiological functions including muscle contraction. The concentration of calcium is accurately regulated through an interplay between the skeletal, endocrine and excretory systems. This involves feedback loops between the parathyroid gland, the kidneys, the intestines, the skin, the liver and the bones.
Bone mass decreases in osteoporosis, with the loss of estrogen in post-menopausal women. Resistance-type exercise maintains bone mass

11. Joints
Joints are areas where bones are linked together. They have varying degrees of mobility.
Fibrous Joint:- joined by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. Ex: Skull
Cartilaginous Joint:- joined by cartilage. More mobile than Fibrous joint and less mobile than Synovial joints. Ex: the Manbrium & Sternum. 
Synovial Joint: not directly joined - the bones have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule that is normally associated with accessory ligaments

12. Synoival Joints
Bursa is the liquid which stays between a joint and tendon or muscle to avoid friction.

13. Ligaments
Ligaments are dense bundles of parallel collagenous fibers. They are often derived from the outer layer of the joint capsule, but may also connect nearby but non-articulating bones.
The ligaments function chiefly to strengthen and stabilize the joint in a passive way. Unlike the muscles, they cannot actively contract. Nor (except for a few ligaments which contain a high proportion of yellow elastic fibers) can they stretch.

14. Muscles

15. Muscle Contraction
Concentric Contraction – Just contract. Elbow contraction.
Eccentric Contraction – Stretch, same time contract. Lowering an object.
Isometric Contraction – Holding an object. Joint not moving. Both side muscle contract.
Isotonic Contraction- Tension not change, but lengthening same time.

16. Feet
Tarsals(Ankle)-7
Metatarsus – 5
Phalanges - 14

17. Scapula

18. Shoulder Joint

19. Palms
Carpals – 8
Metacarpals – 4
Phalanges - 14

20. Spine Cervical Vertebrae – 7 Thoracic Vertebrae – 12
Lumbar Vertebrae – 5
Sacrum – 1
Coccyx - 1

21. Spine sacrum, convex toward the back
concave lumbar region (the term lordosis
convex thoracic region (kyphosis)
concave cervical region

22. VERTEBRAE , L4 Spinous Process Spinal Cord Vertebral Body Spinal Disk
Inferior articulating process
Superior articulating process

23. INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Each inter-vertebral disk has a semi-fluid core, the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded by a tough but elastic connective tissue exterior, the annulus fibrosus. The nucleus pulposus comprises only about 15% of the total mass, but that’s enough liquid to allow the disk to act hydraulically every time you shift he angle of one vertebral body with respect to its neighbor, the nucleus pulposus shifts accordingly, bulging out the elastic annulus fibrosis on one side and every time you twist, the nucleus pulposus presses the annulus fibrosis outward all around.

24. Spinal Ligaments Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Intertransverse Ligament

25. FLEXION AND EXTENSION

27. Ribs & Sternum

28. Back Muscles
Intertransverse Muscles: - Connect the adjacent transverse process. It connects posterior to the intertransverse process ligaments.
Action:- Side Bending
Interspinalis Muscles: Connect the adjacent spinous process. It connects either sides of the ligament.
Action:- Extension

29. Back Muscles
Transversospinal muscles:- are a group of muscles of the human back. Their combined action is rotation and extension of the vertebral column
(a) The semispinalis muscles
(i) Semispinalis Dorsi (Semi Spinalis Thoracis)
(ii) Semiispinalis cervicis
(iii)Semispinalis capitis
(b) The multifidus.
(c) The rotatores

30. Semispinalis muscles
1. Semispinalis Dorsi (Semi Spinalis Thoracis)
2. Semiispinalis cervicis
3. Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis dorsi  arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the 6th to the 10th Thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper 4 Thoracic and Lower two  cervical vertebrae.
Action:- Extend the spine in Thoracic region

31. Semispinalis muscles
Semispinalis cervicis :  the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes
Semispinalis capitis: Spinalis capitis and semispinalis capitis can be considered together. They originate
respectively from the spinous processes of C7—Tl and the transverse processes of C4—T4, and insert on the occiput.
Action:- Extend the spine in Thoracic region

32. Hip & Pelvis

33. Hip Bone
The pelvis receives the weight of the upper body and passes this weight on to the lower limbs via its articulations with the femurs.

34. PELVIS AND HIPS Hip bone It have 3 parts Ilium HFGFGF Pubis Ischium
Femur
Ischial tuberosity – Sitting Bone
Pubic symphysis

35. PELVIS AND HIPS LIGAMENTS

36. Pelvic Ligaments

37. Pelvic Nutation

38. Iliopsoas Origin: Psoas
Transverse processes of T12-L5 & the lateral aspects of the intervertebral discs
Side of T12+L1 & IV intervertebral disc between
Iliacus
Iliac fossa, base of sacrum
End:
Psoas Major
Lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Hip flexion & external rotation
Decelerates hip extension
Decelerates femoral internal rotation at heel strike
Assists in stabilizing the lumbar spine during functional movements

39. Sartorius Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) End
Medial condyle of the tibia
Actions:
Assists in hip flexion, abduction & external rotation
Assists in knee flexion

40. Tensor-Fasciae Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion:
Iliotibial tract (anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia)
Actions:
Hip abduction, flexion & internal rotation
Decelerates hip adduction & assists in decelerating hip extension & external rotation

41. adductor-magnuss Origin:
Ischiopubic ramus (anterior, adductor portion)
Lower outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity (posterior, hamstring or ischial fibers)
End:
Lower gluteal line & linea aspera (anterior, adductor portion)
Adductor tubercle on the medial condyle ridge (posterior, hamstring or ischial fibers)
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction & external rotation (during adduction)
Provides frontal plane stabilization during stance & assists in hip extension

42. adductor-brevis Origin: Inferior ramus & body of pubis End:
Upper third of linea aspera
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction, (initial) flexion & external rotation (during adduction)

43. adductor-longus Origin:
Body of pubis inferior & medial to pubic tubercle
End:
Lower two thirds of medial linea aspera
Actions
Hip adduction, transverse adduction, & (initial) flexion

44. Gracilis Origin: Outer surface of the ischiopubic ramus End:
Medial surface of the superior tibia (upper medial shaft of tibia below sartorius)
Actions:
Hip adduction & transverse adduction
Knee flexion
External Rotation
Decelerates hip flexion

45. Pectineus Origin: Upper border of the pubis (super pubic ramis) End
Below the lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Hip adduction, transverse adduction & initial flexion
External Rotation

46. Gluteus-medius Origin:
External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (just below crest) 
End:
Posterior & lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Abduction, transverse abduction, internal rotation & external rotation (during abduction) of the hip
Decelerates hip adduction & internal rotation

47. gluteus-minimus Origin:
External (gluteal) surface of the ilium (below origin of gluteus medius)
End:
Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Actions:
Abduction, transverse abduction & internal rotation (during abduction) of the femur at the hip
Decelerates hip adduction

48. gluteus-maximus Origin: Posterior gluteal line
Posterior sacrum & coccyx
Fascia of the lumbar area
Sacrotuberous ligament
End
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur
Iliotibial tract
Actions:
Hip extension
Hip external rotation
Hip Adduction (lower portion)
Decelerates hip flexion, adduction & internal rotation during stance phase
Decelerates tibial internal rotation via the IlioTibial (IT) band

49. piriformis Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum (S2-S4) End:
Superior aspect of the greater trochanter
Actions:
Lateral (external) rotation of the thigh at the hip
Assist in hip extension during functional movements
Decelerates internal rotation of the hip

50. rectus-femoris Origin:
Anterior inferior iliac spine (straight head) & the ilium above acetabulum (reflected head)
End:
Quadriceps tendon to patella (via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension
Hip flexion

51. vastus-lateralis Origin:
Lateral surface of the femur (upper intertrochanteric line, base of greater trochanter, lateral linea aspera, lateral supracondylar ridge & lateral intermuscular septum)
End
Lateral quadriceps tendon to patella (via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension

52. vastus-intermedius Origin: Anterior & lateral shaft of femur End:
Patellar tendon (quadriceps tendon to patella), via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia
Actions:
Knee extension

53. vastus-medialis Origin:
Medial surface of femur (lower intertrochanteric line, spiral line, medial linea aspera & medial intermuscular septum)
End:
Medial patella (via ligamentum patellae into tubercle of tibia)
Actions:
Knee extension

54. biceps-femoris Origin: Long Head
Ischial tuberosity, part of the sacrotuberous ligament (tendon also common to semitendinosus)
Short Head
Lateral lip of the linea aspera below the gluteal tuberosity (between the adductor magnus & vastus lateralis)
End
Fibular head (primarily) & lateral collateral ligament and lateral tibial condyle
Styloid process of head of fibula. lateral collateral ligament and lateral tibial condyle
Actions
Knee flexion & tibial external rotation

55. semitendinosus Origin:
Upper inner quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity & part of the sacrotuberous ligament
End:
Proximal aspect of the medial tibial condyle (pes anserine)
Actions
Knee flexion & internal rotation of the tibia
Hip extension

56. semimembranosus Origin:
Upper outer quadrant of posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
End:
Posterior aspect of the medial condyle of tibia below articular margin (fascia over popliteus & oblique popliteal ligament)
Actions
Knee flexion & internal rotation of the tibia
Hip extension

57. Shoulder Girdle & Neck Muscles

58. Trapezius Origin: Upper Fibers
Medial third of the superior nuchal line and external occipital protuberance of the skull 
Middle Fibers
Spinous processes of vertebrae T1-T3 & C7 
Lower Fibers
Spinous processes of vertebrae T4-T12
End: Upper Fibers
Lateral third of the posterior clavicle 
Medial border of acromium process 
Inferior middle spine of scapula
Action: next slide

59. Trapezius Action: Upper Fibers Elevation of the scapula
Extension of the cervical spine
Extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the atlantoccipital & antlantoaxial neck 
Middle Fibers
Adduction (rectaction), upward rotation and elevation of the scapula 
Lower Fibers
Upward rotation, adduction (retraction) & depression of the scapula
Weak extensor of the thoracic spine  
Upper Fibers
Assists in providing dynamic stability to the cervical spine and shoulder complex
Assists in dynamically stabilizing the scapula during functional movements
Assists in dynamically stabilizing the scapula

60. Levator scapulae Origin:
Transverse processes of the upper 3 or 4 of the cervical vertebrae
Insertion:
Superior part of medial border of the scapula
Actions: Concentric Functions:
Elevation, downward rotations & abduction (protraction) of the scapula
Eccentric Functions:
Decelerates head & neck flexion (bilaterally)
Decelerates scapular depression & upward rotation (unilaterally)
Decelerates lateral flexion of the cervical spine (unilaterally)
Isometric Function:
Dynamically stabilizes the cervical spine during functional movements

61. Rhomboids : Major originate from spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae and end to scapula and Minor originate from spinous processes of the C7-T1 and end to scapula.
Action: keep the scapula pressed against thoracic wall and to retract the scapula toward the vertebral column

62. Splenius capitis originates from the
nuchal ligament and the spinous
processes of C7 through T3-T4. It
inserts on the mastoid process and
adjacent occipital bone.
Splenius cervicis runs
from the spinous process
of T5-T7 to the transverse
processes of C1-C3.
Actions: contracting bilaterally, these muscles
extend the head and cervical spine. Contracting
unilaterally, they cause side bending and rotation
toward the contracting side.

63. sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium sterni, medial portion of the clavicle
Insertion:
Mastoid process of the (temporal bone) skull, superior nuchal line
Action:
Flexion, rotation, lateral flexion of the (cervical spine) neck
Flexion, rotation, lateral flexion & extension of the (atlantooccipital & atlantoaxial) head
Dynamically stabilizes the cervical spine during functional movements

64. scalenes
Origin:
Anterior: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3-C6
Medial: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C2-C7
Posterior: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C5-C6 
Insertion:
Anterior: 1st rib
Medial: 1st rib
Posterior: 2nd rib
Action:
Flexion & rotation of the (cervical spine) neck
Accelerates lateral flexion of the (cervical spine) neck.
Decelerates lateral flexion of cervical spine, cervical rotation & extension.
 Dynamic stabilization of the spine during functional movements

65. Serratus posterior superior
runs from the spinous processes of C7 to T3
and inserts on the first five ribs.
Action: elevates the ribs and thereby aids in inspiration
Serratus posterior inferior
runs from the spinous processes ofT l2 to L2
and inserts on the last four ribs.
Action: depresses these ribs and thereby aids in expiration

66. Serratus Anterior
Origin: Fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs
End: Costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula
Action:
1. Abduction (protraction) & upward rotation of the scapula
2. Decelerates dynamic scapular retraction
3. Helps stabilize the scapulo-throacic joint

67. Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Anterior surface of the (3rd to 5th) ribs near the costal cartilages
End: Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the (superior anterior) scapula
Action:
1. Abduction (protraction), depression & downward (during abduction) rotation of the scapula
2. Decelerates scapular retraction, shoulder extension, horizontal abduction, external rotation and retraction
3. Dynamically stabilizes the scapula during functional movements

68. Muscles of Shoulder Joints

69. Deltoids Origin: Anterior Deltoid
Anterior border & upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle
Lateral Deltoid
Surface of the lateral third of the clavicle
Posterior Deltoid
Inferior edge of the spine of the scapula
Insertion:
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Action:
Raises and rotates arm in all direction

70. Teres-major
Origin:
Posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion:
Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus (grove) of the humerus
Action:
Shoulder extension, internal rotation and adduction
Stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa (cavity)

71. Pectoralis Major Origin: Sternal head
Anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages (2nd to 6th ribs), and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Clavicular head
Anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle.
Insertion:
Intertubercular groove of the proximal, anterior humerus  
Action:
Transverse flexion, adduction, internal rotation, adduction, abduction & extension of the shoulder
Decelerates shoulder extension, horizontal abduction and external rotation

72. Latissimus dorsi Origin:
Spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest & ribs 9-12
Insertion:
Floor (medial side) of intertubercular groove of the (proximal anterior/medial) humerus
Action:
Adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus
Decelerates flexion, abduction and external rotation of the upper extremity
Functions as a bridge between the upper and lower extremity
Assists in dynamic stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex

73. 4- Rotator Cuff Muscles
a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. There are four muscles together create this rotator cuff.
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres-minor
subscapularis

74. supraspinatus Origin:
Supraspinous fossa (groove) of (superior) scapula
Insertion:
Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
Action:
Shoulder abduction
Decelerates adduction of the arm
Assists dynamic stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa

75. infraspinatus Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the (medial) scapula
Insertion:
Middle facet of greater tubercle of the (posterior) humerus
Action:
External rotation, transverse abduction & transverse extension of the humerus
Decelerates shoulder internal rotation
Assists in posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint

76. teres-minor
Origin:
Lateral border (posterior on upper & middle part) of the (lateral) scapula
Insertion:
Inferior facet of (posterior) greater tubercle of the humerus
Action:
External rotation, transverse abduction & transverse extension of the humerus
Decelerates shoulder internal rotation
Posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint

77. subscapularis Origin:
Subscapular fossa (groove) on the anterior scapula
Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of the (proximal anterior) humerus
Action:
Anteriior rotation the humerus
Anterior & posterior stabilization of the shoulder joint

78. Core Muscles

79. rectus-abdominis Origin: Crest of pubis Insertion:
Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 & the xiphoid process of sternum
Action:
Lumbar flexion of the spine
Decelerates extension & rotation of the spine
Stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex

80. external-obliques Origin:
External surfaces of ribs 5-12 (Lower 7 or 8 ribs) 
Insertion:
Anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest & the lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament
Actions
Flexion, rotation and lateral reflection of the (lumbar spine) torso
Decelerates extension & rotation of the (lumbar) spine
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex

81. internal-obliques Origin:
Lateral 2/3 of the inguinal ligament, anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest & the lumbodorsal fascia.
Insertion:
Linea alba, xiphoid process and the inferior (lower 2-4) ribs.
Functions:
Flexion, rotation and lateral reflection of the (lumbar spine) torso
Decelerates extension & rotation of the (lumbar) spine
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex & intersegmental spinal stabilization

82. transverse-abdominis
Origin:
Inner rim of iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, & costal cartilages of inferior 6 ribs  
Insertion:
Xiphiod process, linea alba, and pubis
Concentric Functions:
Pulls abdominal wall inward (forced expiration) & increases intra-abdominal pressure
Eccentric Functions:  
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during functional movements
Isometric Function:
Dynamically stabilizes the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex

83. quadratus-lumborum Origin:
Posterior inner lip of iliac crest & iliolumbar ligament
Insertion:
Transverse processes of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae & the lower border of 12th (last) rib
Actions
Lateral flexion of the spine & extension of the lumbar spine (w/ bilateral contraction)
Dynamically stabilizes lumbo-pelvic hip complex

84. multifidus
Origin:
Sacrum, sacroiliac ligament, spinous processes of the lumbar, thoracic & last 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion:
Lumbar and cervical spinous processes (up to C2)
Actions:
Acceleration of spinal extension and contralateral rotation
Deceleration of spinal flexion and ipsilateral rotation
Stabilization of the lumbar spine

85. erector-spinae Origin: Iliocastalis
Lower posterior surface of the sacrum & posterior ribs
Longissimus
Transverse processes of lumbar & thoracic vertebrae
Spinalis
Transverse processes of thoracic & cervical vertebrae & ligamentum nuchae (posterior neck ligaments)
Insertion:
Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae & posterior ribs
Transverse processes of the cervical & throacic vertebrae & the mastoid process of the skull
Spinous processes of the thoracic & cervical vertebrae & the occipital bone of the skull

86. Erector-spinae Actions: Iliocastalis
Lateral flexion of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Rotation of the  (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Longissimus
Extension of the (thoracic, lumbar & cervical) spine
Lateral flexion of the (cervical) spine
Rotation of the (cervical) spine
Spinalis
Decelerates flexion, rotation and lateral flexion of the spine
Dynamically stabilizes the spine during functional movements