1. Instructor: Ryan Williams

2. Learning Objectives Value a bond given its coupon rate, par value, yield-to- maturity, time to maturity and payment frequency. Given all but one of the factors of a bond’s value, find the remaining factor. Value a stock using the dividend discount model under assumptions of constant growth and non-constant growth. Given all but one of the factors of a stock’s value, find the remaining factor.

3. Remember – different words for the same thing Cost of capital (from firm’s point of view) = required rate of return (from investor’s point of view) = interest rate in problems. Cost of debt = investor’s required rate of return on debt Cost of equity = investor’s required rate of return on equity.

4. What is a financial security? It’s a contract between the provider of funds and the user of funds. The contract specifies the:  amount of money that has been provided  terms & conditions of how the user is going to repay the provider  Provider: you (ordinary investor), the bank, venture capitalist, etc.  User: entrepreneur or firm with good business idea/product but no (or not enough) money to execute the idea.

5. TVM and valuing financial securities To an investor who owns a financial security (a stock or a bond), the security is a stream of future expected cash flows. The value of any security is the Present Value of all the future expected cash flows from owning the security, discounted at the appropriate discount rate (required rate of return). When we learn to value stocks and bonds later, we are just applying TVM concepts we already know.

6. Common financial securities Debt securityEquity security 1) Holder is a creditor of the firm. No say in running of the firm. 1) Holder is an owner of the firm. Have a say in running of the firm (by voting). 2) Fixed payment.2) Payment is not fixed. No guaranteed cash flow from firm. 3) Receives payment before anything is paid to equity holders. 3) Receives what’s left over after all debt holders/creditors are paid. 4) If firm cannot pay, debt holders will take over ownership of firm assets. 4) If firm cannot pay debt holders, loses control of firm to debt holders. 5) Limited liability.

7. Types of debt securities Fixed-coupon bonds Zero-coupon bonds Consols (Perpetual bonds) Variable-rate bonds Income bonds Convertible bonds Callable bonds

8. Fixed coupon bonds Firm pays a fixed amount (‘coupon’) to the investor every period until bond matures. At maturity, firm pays face value of the bond to investor. Face value also called par value. Most common face value is $1000. Period: can be year, half-year (6 months), quarter (3 months).

9. How to read a bond General Motors 30 year bond Par Value = $1000 Interest paid Semi-annual Interest Rate = 8%.

10. Zero coupon and consul bonds Zero-coupon bond Zero coupon rate, no coupon paid during bond’s life. Bond holder receives one payment at maturity, the face value. Consol bond Pays a fixed coupon every period forever. Has no maturity.

11. Other types of bonds Variable-rate bond: Coupon rate is not fixed, but is tied to a specific interest rate. Income bond: pays the coupon only when borrower’s earnings are high enough. Convertible bond: allows holder to convert it to another security, usually issuer’s common stock. Callable bond: issuer has the right to buy back the bond (before maturity) at a predetermined price.

12. Equity securities Equity security means common stock. Common stock holders have control privileges, i.e., have a say in firm’s operating decisions. Exercise control privileges by voting on matters of importance facing the firm. Voting takes place during shareholder meetings. Board of directors: Elected by shareholders to make sure management acts in the best interests of shareholders. Common stock holders can expect two types of cash flows:  Dividends  Money received from selling shares

13. Preferred Stock Owners of preferred stock are paid after payment to debt holders, but before payment to equity holders. No maturity. Has stated par value and stated dividend. Firm can omit paying preferred stock dividend without going into default. Usually non-voting.

14. Stock/Bond payoffs Pretend a firm only exists for one year, and debt has face value of $600,000. The distribution of funds is as follows: Total Profit$1,000,000$800,000$600,000$400,000 Profit to debt holders $600,000 $400,000 Profit to equity holders $400,000$200,000$0

15. Securities Markets  Securities markets: markets for the trading of financial securities. Primary market:  Markets in which companies raise money by selling securities to investors.  Every security sells only once in the primary market.  Initial public offering market: firms become publicly owned by issuing (selling) shares to investors for the first time. Secondary market:  Markets in which already issued securities trade.  Trading is primarily among investors. Issuers are usually not involved.

16. Securities Markets Money market: markets for trading of debt securities with less than one-year maturity. Capital markets: market for trading of intermediate-term and long-term debt and common stock. Spot markets: securities are bought and sold for ‘on-the- spot’ delivery. Futures markets: trading takes place now, but full payment and delivery of the asset takes place in the future, e.g., 6 months or 1-year.

17. Console is just a perpetuity! Price of consol =

18. All debt securities have similar form Will list a “par value” and a coupon rate. Par value is NOT Present Value, and Coupon rate is NOT the cost of debt/required rate of return

19. Consol problem Problem 9.2ABC Corp. wants to issue perpetual debt in order to raise capital. It plans to pay a coupon of $90 per year on each bond with face value $1,000. Consols of a comparable firm with a coupon of $100 per year are selling at $1,050. What is the cost of debt capital for ABC? What will be the price at which it will issue its consols?

20. Consol problem Problem 9.3 If ABC (from the problem above) wanted to raise $100 million dollars in debt, how many such consols would it have to issue (to nearest whole number)?

21. Consol problem Problem 9.4If ABC wanted to issue it’s consols at par, that is, at a price of $1,000, what coupon must it pay?

22. Zero coupon bond Zero coupon rate, no coupon paid during bond’s life. Bond holder receives one payment at maturity, the face value (usually $1000). Most common example are government bonds How does investor get a return?

23. Zero coupon bond - 2 This is just a lump sum problem! You have a Future Value (par value) Present Value (today’s price or market price) Rate

24. Example problems – zero coupon bonds Find the price of a zero coupon bond with 20 years to maturity, par value of $1000 and a required rate of return of 15% p.a. XYZ Corp.’s zero coupon bond has a market price of $ 354. The bond has 16 years to maturity and its face value is $1000. What is the cost of debt for the ZCB (i.e., the required rate of return).

25. Fixed-coupon bonds Firm pays a fixed amount (‘coupon’) to the investor every period until bond matures. At maturity, firm pays face value of the bond to investor. Face value also called par value. Unless otherwise stated, always assume face value to be $1000. Period: can be year, semi-annual (6 months), quarter (3 months). Most common are semi-annual.

26. This is just a lump-sum + annuity! PV is today’s price or market price FV is the par value lump sum PMT is the period coupon payments.

27. Example problem - FCB A $1,000 par value bond has coupon rate of 5% and the coupon is paid semi-annually. The bond matures in 20 years and has a required rate of return of 10%. Compute the current price of this bond.

28. Useful relationships Coupon rate < discount ratePrice < face valueBond is selling at a discount Coupon rate = discount ratePrice = face valueBond is selling at par Coupon rate > discount ratePrice > face valueBond is selling at a premium

29. Useful relationship example  A 10-year annual coupon bond was issued four years ago at par. Since then the bond’s yield to maturity (YTM) has decreased from 9% to 7%. Which of the following statements is true about the current market price of the bond? The bond is selling at a discount The bond is selling at par The bond is selling at a premium The bond is selling at book value Insufficient information

30. Example - 2  One year ago Pell Inc. sold 20-year, $1,000 par value, annual coupon bonds at a price of $931.54 per bond. At that time the market rate (i.e., yield to maturity) was 9 percent. Today the market rate is 9.5 percent; therefore the bonds are currently selling: at a discount. at a premium. at par. above the market price. not enough information.

31. Other types of FCB problems Finding yield-to-maturity. THIS IS IDENTICAL TO SOLVING FOR R. Finding coupon rate

32. Other FCB problems 1)A $1,000 par value bond sells for $863.05. It matures in 20 years, has a 10 percent coupon rate, and pays interest semi-annually. What is the bond’s yield to maturity on a per annum basis (to 2 decimal places)? 2) ABC Inc. just issued a twenty-year semi-annual coupon bond at a price of $787.39. The face value of the bond is $1,000, and the market interest rate is 9%. What is the annual coupon rate (in percent, to 2 decimal places)?

33. Two part FCB problem HMV Inc. needs to raise funds for an expansion project. The company can choose to issue either zero- coupon bonds or semi-annual coupon bonds. In either case the bonds would have the SAME required rate of return, a 20-year maturity and a par value of $1,000. If the company issues the zero-coupon bonds, they would sell for $153.81. If it issues the semi-annual coupon bonds, they would sell for $756.32. What annual coupon rate is Camden Inc. planning to offer on the coupon bonds? State your answer in percentage terms, rounded to 2 decimal places.

34. Stocks/equity All of these are related to perpetuities

35. Preferred stock You have a constant dividend (or cash flow) and assume it will go forever.

36. Common stock With debt, cash flows can come from coupon payments + repayment of par. With common stock, cash flows come from dividends or selling your stock. However, expected future dividends are the only thing that matters. Why? Three different ways to make assumptions when we value: Common dividend stream Constant growth in dividends Uneven growth (non-constant) in dividends

37. How do we price a stock? Constant Dividend <= dividend stock price=> <= required return on equity Comment – where does required return on equity come from?

38. How do we price a stock? Constant dividend growth Assume that dividends grow at constant growth rate, g, to infinity: D 0 = Dividend that the firm just paid Dividend growth rate Required rate of return on equity Don’t panic. D 1 = D 0 (1 + g)

39. How do changes in these affect Stock Price?

40. Algebra – rearrange to solve for growth Note that we can find rate by using this formula (if we have dividend, price, and growth). If we don’t have this info – what do we use? Dividend yield Capital gains yield Required rate of return on equity

41. Example problem – constant growth Jarrow Company will pay an annual dividend of $3 per share one year from today. The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 7% permanently. The market requires 15% What is the current price of the stock (to 2 decimal places)?

42. Example problem 2 – constant growth Johnson Foods Inc. just paid a dividend of $10 (i.e., D 0 = 10.00). Its dividends are expected to grow at a 4% annual rate forever. If you require a 15% rate of return on investments of this risk level, what is Johnson Foods’s current stock price? (to 2 decimal places)

43. Example problem 3 – constant growth The price of a stock in the market is $62. You know that the firm has just paid a dividend of $5 per share (i.e., D 0 = 5). The dividend growth rate is expected to be 6 percent forever. What is the investors’ required rate of return for this stock (to 2 decimal places)?

44. Example problem 4 – constant growth A firm is expected to pay a dividend of $5.00 on its stock next year. The price of this stock is $40 and the investor’s required rate of return is 20%. The firm’s dividends grow at a constant rate. What is this constant dividend growth rate (g)?

45. Example problem 5 A stock’s expected growth rate is 4% and they just paid a dividend yesterday of $10 per share. This stock has a beta of 1.5, the risk free rate is 2% and the market premium is 7%. What is the price of this stock?

46. Non-constant growth With this assumption, dividends grow at different rates for different periods of time. Eventually, dividends will grow at a constant rate forever. Time line is very useful for valuing this type of stocks. To value such stocks, also need the constant growth formula. Best way to learn is through an example.

47. From book in valuing the stock of ABC Corp. suppose that you forecast that dividends will be $2, $3, and $3.50 in the next three years, respectively. After that you expect dividends to grow at a rate of five percent per year forever. Let us suppose that the appropriate discount rate for ABC's stock is 15 percent. The projected future dividends are: D1 = $2.00, D2 = $3.00, D3 = $3.50, D4 = $3.50 x (1.05) = $3.675, and so on.

48. Non-constant dividend growth 2 Consider ABC Co.’s dividend stream: Discount rate is 15%. WORK BACKWARDS!!!!! T = 0 $2.00$3.00$3.50 Dividends grow at 5% forever T =1T = 2T = 3T = 4

49. Another example Malcolm Manufacturing, Inc. just paid a $2.00 annual dividend (that is, D 0 = 2.00). Investors believe that the firm will grow at 10% annually for the next 2 years and 6% annually forever thereafter. Assuming a required return of 15%, what is the current price of the stock (to 2 decimal places)? Use timeline to ‘see’ the problem better. Verify that stock price = $25.29

50. Summary Consol bonds Zero coupon bonds Fixed coupon bonds Preferred Stock Common stock – constant dividend Common stock – constant growth Common stock – non-constant growth