1. Course: International Security and Peace Utebayeva Bayan
World of intelligence: with emphasis on the US Intelligence Policy and Community
Course: International Security and Peace
Utebayeva Bayan

2. Questions:
During the Cold War era the US had intervened in internal affairs of other
countries (mostly called the Third World countries) by launching “covert war” as opposed to “overt war”.
What do you think had the primary motives of American decision making elites when they opted to use covert use of force instead of overt
use of force?
Do you think a series of American covert war had achieved its purported political objectives?

3. Reading materials:
David Isenberg, “The Pitfalls of U.S. Covert Operations”, Cato Policy
Analysis No. 118 (April 7, 1989).
Jaechun Kim, “U.S. Covert Action in Indonesia in the 1960s: Assessing the
Motives and Consequences”, Journal of International and Area Studies
9-2 (2002).
Stephen Kinzer, “The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War” (2013)

4. Content: The definition of covert war/covert operation
(covert vs clandestine)
Motives of covert operations
CIA – the Dulles Brothers, scions of the American establishment
Covert operations: success or failure?

5. Covert vs Clandestine
Clandestine Operation: John is a trained thief, but we have no evident that he was there that night. 
Covert Operation: John is innocent, so he probably wasn't
even there. 
Black Operation: Rumor has it that John stole money from the bank and killed the person who found out about it, but it's
probably nothing.

6. covert operation – “special activity”
In 1976 from the final report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence: any clandestine activity designed to influence foreign governments, events, organizations, or persons in
support of the US foreign policy
Former CIA director S. Turner: “… a term that describes efforts to influence the course of events in a foreign country without our role being known”
Covert operation – “foreign counterintelligence purpose”

7. violent
nonviolent

8. CIA (1947)– covert actions became the top priority
Covert operations as a Cold War weapon
Covert actions against communism

9. The dulles brothers – the beginning of covert operations
The dulles brothers – the beginning of covert operations? Siblings who control overt and covert sides of the us foreign policy

10. John Foster Dulles served as U.S. Secretary of State under
Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to He was a significant
figure in the early Cold
War era, advocating an
aggressive stance against
communism throughout
the world

11. Allen Welsh Dulles was an American diplomat and lawyer who became the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence and its longest-serving director to date

12. Moscow’s proxies are advancing

13. Third world neutralists
“six monsters” that the Dulles brothers believed had to be brought down: Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran, Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Sukarno in Indonesia, Patrice Lumumba in the Congo and Fidel Castro in Cuba.

14. Covert operation: success or failure?
1953 overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran
1954 overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala
1963 attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro in Cuba
1963 overthrow of Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic
1964 defeat of rebel forces loyal to Patrice Lumumba in the Congo
1965 propaganda campaign to overthrow the Sukarno
government in Indonesia
1970 overthrow of Norodom Sihanouk in Cambodia

15. Diego rivera – “”glorious victory”

16. Covert operation: success or failure?
In 1961 the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence told President Eisenhower, "We have been unable to conclude that, on balance, all of the covert action programs undertaken by the CIA up to this time have been worth the risk or the great expenditure of manpower, money and other resources involved."
Covert operations left bitter seeds that would grow into difficult problems for a future generation of U.S. policymakers

18. Questions and comments