1. The two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the afferent and efferent divisions. What are their respective functions?
Control of the central nervous system/control of the peripheral nervous system
Control of neurons/control of neuroglia
Sensory input to the CNS/carries motor commands to muscles or glands
Carries motor commands to muscles or glands/sensory input to the CNS
Answer: 3

2. What would damage to the afferent division of the PNS affect?
Ability to learn new facts
Ability to experience motor stimuli
Ability to experience sensory stimuli
Ability to remember past events
Answer: 3

3. Which structure of a neuron is capable of propagating an electrical impulse?
Dendrites
Axon
Cell body
Perikaryon
Answer: 2

4. Which of the following is/are correct concerning structural classifications of neurons?
Multipolar neurons control skeletal muscles.
Bipolar neurons function in the senses of hearing, smell and vision.
Anaxonic neurons have indistinguishable axons and dendrites.
All of the above are correct.
Answer: 4

5. Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to be sensory or motor neurons?
They could be either sensory or motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Neither sensory nor motor neurons
Answer: 2

6. One functional classification of neurons is responsible for integrating sensory information with motor output. What is the name of that type of neuron and where are they located?
Motor neurons/anterior horn of the spinal cord
Proprioceptors/skeletal muscles and joints
Interneurons/almost exclusively in the CNS
Interocepters/digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems
Answer: 3

7. Which of the CNS neuroglial cells plays a role in maintaining the blood–brain barrier and repairing damaged neural tissue?
Satellite cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Answer: 4

8. Neuroglia of the PNS include ___ and ___ and their respective functions are ___ and ___.
Astrocytes and satellite cells/forming scar tissue and engulfing cellular debris
Ependymal cells and Schwann cells/forming cerebrospinal fluid and forming myelin sheath
Schwann cells and satellite cells/forming myelin sheath and regulating environment around neurons
Microglia and ependymal cells/regulating environment around neurons and forming cerebrospinal fluid
Answer: 3

9. Which type of neuroglia would occur in abnormally high numbers in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection?
Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Answer: 2

10. How would a chemical that blocks sodium channels in neuron cell membranes affect its ability to depolarize?
It would enhance depolarization.
It would completely inhibit depolarization.
It would slow depolarization.
It would have no effect on depolarization.
Answer: 2

11. What effect would decreasing the concentration of extracellular potassium ions have on the transmembrane potential of a neuron?
Repolarization
Hypopolarization
Decreased transmembrane potential
Hyperpolarization
Answer: 4

12. Which type of gated channel responds to physical distortion of the membrane surface? Where is this ability important?
Chemically regulated channels/in dendrites
Mechanically regulated channels/sensory receptors
Voltage-gated channels/axons of multipolar and unipolar neurons
Passive channels/where the channels must remain open
Answer: 2

13. Which of the choices below correctly lists the steps of an action potential?
Resting potential  absolute refractory period  relative refractory period
All-or-none principle  stimulus triggers action potential  stimulus does not trigger action potential
Depolarization to threshold  activation of sodium channels and depolarization inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels  return to normal permeability
None of these
Answer: 3

14. Why is it impossible for continuous propagation to occur along myelinated axons?
Myelin increases resistance to the flow of ions across the membrane.
Only nodes along a myelinated axon can respond to a depolarizing stimulus.
Continuous propagation uses less energy and fewer sodium ions must be pumped out.
1 and 2 are correct
Answer: 4

15. Axon that propagates at 50 meters per second
One axon propagates action potentials at 50 meters per second; another carries them at 1 meter per second. Which axon is myelinated?
Axon that propagates at 50 meters per second
Axon that propagates at 1 meter per second
Answer: 1

16. What is the primary distinction between chemical and electrical synapses; which type is more rare?
Electrical synapses involve a neurotransmitter/chemical synapses
Electrical synapses involve direct connection between cells/electrical synapses
Chemical synapses involve direct connection between cells/chemical synapses
Electrical synapses always use ACh/both are equally abundant
Answer: 2

17. Excitatory neurotransmitters cause ___ and inhibitory neurotransmitters cause ___?
Repolarization/return to resting potential
Suppression of generation of action potentials/promote generation of action potentials
Synaptic fatigue/synaptic delay
Depolarization/hyperpolarization
Answer: 4

18. The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends upon ___.
The time involved in calcium influx
ACh being broken down into AChE
The properties of the receptor, not the nature of the neurotransmitter
None of these is correct
Answer: 3

19. What effect would blocking voltage-regulated calcium channels at a cholinergic synapse have on synaptic communication?
Communication would cease.
Communication would be enhanced.
Communication would be misdirected.
Communication would continue as before.
Answer: 1

20. One pathway in the central nervous system consists of three neurons, another of five neurons. If the neurons in the two pathways are identical, which pathway will transmit impulses more rapidly?
Pathway with three neurons
Pathway with five neurons
They would transmit at the same rate
Answer: 1

21. Which of these is NOT a site at which acetylcholine is released at a synapse?
Neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscles
Neuron-to-neuron synapses in the PNS
Postganglionic synapses in the sympathetic division of the ANS
All of these are true
Answer: 3

22. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are all members of which category of neurotransmitter?
Hormones
Biogenic amines
Amino acids
Neuropeptides
Answer: 2

23. A person you know has experienced sleep problems and prolonged depression. Which neurotransmitter may be in short supply?
Dopamine
Any of the opioids
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Answer: 4

24. Which of the following is true concerning neuromodulators?
Have short-term effects
Act immediately without intermediate steps
Affect neither postsynaptic nor presynaptic membrane
None of these is correct
Answer: 4

25. The relationship between a neurotransmitter, such as NE and cAMP is ____, which is enhanced by a “link” called a ___ ?
They are both amino acids/carboxyl group
1st messenger and 2nd messenger/G protein
Neurotransmitters/2nd messenger
EPSP and IPSP/1st messenger
Answer: 2

26. In what way(s) is/are temporal and spatial summation the same?
Both require a rapid succession of stimuli at a single synapse.
Both are methods by which individual EPSPs combine to result in an action potential.
Both occur when simultaneous stimuli are applied at different locations, causing a cumulative effect on transmembrane potential.
All of these are correct.
Answer: 2