1. Lattice QCD (INTRODUCTION) DUBNA WINTER SCHOOL 1-2 FEBRUARY 2005

2. 2 Main Problems Starting from Lagrangian (1) obtain hadron spectrum, (2) describe phase transitions, (3) explain confinement of color http://www.claymath.org/Millennium_Prize_Problems/

3. 3 The main difficulty is the absence of analytical methods, the interactions are strong and only computer simulations give results starting from the first principles. The force between quark and antiquark is 12 tones The force between quark and antiquark is 12 tones

4. 4 Methods Imaginary time t→it Space-time discretization Thus we get from functional integral the statistical theory in four dimensions

5. 5 The statistical theory in four dimensions can be simulated by Monte-Carlo methods The typical multiplicities of integrals are 10 6 -10 8 We have to invert matrices 10 6 x 10 6 The cost of simulation of one configuration is:

6. 6 Three limits Lattice spacing Lattice size Quark mass Typical values now Extrapolation + Chiral perturbation theory

7. 7 Chiral limit Quark masses Pion mass Exp

8. 8 Nucleon mass extrapolation Fit on the base of the chiral perturbation theory

9. 9 Spectrum

10. 10 Earth Simulator Earth Simulator Based on the NEC SX architecture, 640 nodes, each node with 8 vector processors (8 Gflop/s peak per processor), 2 ns cycle time, 16GB shared memory. – Total of 5104 total processors, 40 TFlop/s peak, and 10TB memory. Based on the NEC SX architecture, 640 nodes, each node with 8 vector processors (8 Gflop/s peak per processor), 2 ns cycle time, 16GB shared memory. – Total of 5104 total processors, 40 TFlop/s peak, and 10TB memory. It has a single stage crossbar (1800 miles of cable) 83,000 copper cables, 16 GB/s cross section bandwidth. It has a single stage crossbar (1800 miles of cable) 83,000 copper cables, 16 GB/s cross section bandwidth. 700 TB disk space, 1.6 PB mass store Area of computer = 4 tennis courts, 3 floors

11. Lattice QCD at finite temperature and density (INTRODUCTION) DUBNA WINTER SCHOOL 2-3 FEBRUARY 2006

12. 12 Finite Temperature in Field Theory In imaginary time the partition function which defines the field theory is: The action is:

13. 13 QCD at Finite Temperature Partition function of QCD with one flavor at temperature T is: The action is: In computer

14. 14 Types of Fermions

15. 15 Types of Fermions WilsonKogut-Suskind Wilson improved Wilson nonperturbatevely improved Domain wall StaggeredOverlap 1. Quark mass ->0 2. Fast algorithms

16. 16 Approximations to real QCD Quenched approximation (no fermion loops), gauge group SU(2), SU(3) Dynamical fermions, the realistic situation, heavy s quark and 5Mev u and d quarks will be available on computers in 2015(?).

17. 17 Types of Algorithms 1. Hybrid Monte Carlo + Molecular dynamics, leap-frog 2. Local Boson Algorithm 3. Pseudofermionic Hybrid Monte Carlo 3. Two step multyboson 4. Polynomial Hybrid Monte Carlo

18. 18

19. 19 Earth simulator

20. 20 Earth simulator

21. 21 Earth simulator

22. 22 Earth simulator

23. 23 Earth simulator

24. 24 How to find quark gluon plasma? ORDER PARAMETERS

25. 25 Example

26. 26 Lattice calculation by DIK group Polyakov loop susceptibility clower improved Wilson fermions Polyakov loop susceptibility clower improved Wilson fermions 16**3*8 lattice 16**3*8 lattice

27. 27 Quark condensate Fermion condensate vs. T, F.Karsch et al.

28. 28 Phase diagram m q -T, one flavor

29. 29 Quark mass dependence of Tc

30. 30 Three quarks

31. 31 Critical temperature for pure glue and for various dynamical quarks

32. 32 PureSU(3)glue(simplestcase)

33. 33 Temperature of the phase transition Pure glue SU(3) F. Karsch

34. 34

35. 35 Temperature of the phase transition Pure glue SU(3) F. Karsch Two flavor QCD, clover improved Wilson fermions C.Bernard (2005) C.Bernard (2005) DIK collaboration (2005) DIK collaboration (2005)

36. 36

37. 37 Temperature of the phase transition Pure glue SU(3) F. Karsch Two flavor QCD, clover improved Wilson fermions C.Bernard (2005) C.Bernard (2005) DIK collaboration (2005) DIK collaboration (2005) Two flavor QCD, improved staggered fermions F.Karsch (2000) F.Karsch (2000)

38. 38

39. 39 Temperature of the phase transition Pure glue SU(3) F. Karsch Two flavor QCD, clover improved Wilson fermions C.Bernard (2005) C.Bernard (2005) DIK collaboration (2005) DIK collaboration (2005) Two flavor QCD, improved staggered fermions F.Karsch (2000) F.Karsch (2000) Three flavor QCD, improved staggered fermions! F.Karsch (2000) F.Karsch (2000)

40. 40 Example of extrapolation (DIK 2005) Russian (JSCC) supercomputer M1000

41. 41 Plasma thermodynamics Free energy density energy, entropy, velosity of sound,. pressure energy, entropy, velosity of sound,. pressure

42. 42 Example: pressure F. Karsch (2001-2005)

43. 43 FULL PROBLEM

44. 44 Non zero chemical potential QCD partition function at finite temperature and chemical potential At finite chemical potential the fermionic determinant is not positively defined! Thus we have no interpretation of the partition function as probability wait (big difficulties with MC).

45. 45 Анекдот

46. 46 Mu-T diagramme, example of calculation (weighted expantion on mu) C.R. Aallton et al. (2005)

47. 47

48. 48 Full diagram (theory) C.R. Aallton et al. (2005)

49. 49

50. 50 Literature H. Satz hep-ph/0007209 F. Karsch hep-lat/0106019 C.R. Allton et al. hep-lat/0504011 F. Karsch hep-lat/0601013 DIK (DESY-ITEP-Kanazawa) collaboration hep-lat/0509122, hep-lat/0401014

51. 51

52. 52 Special thanks to VALERY SCHEKOLDIN (photo )