1. American Regionalism, Realism, and Naturalism

2. Realism
“The Civil War was a violent clash, not just of armies, but of ideas. Who was right, and who was wrong? What did it mean to be an American? Was any price too high to pay to keep the nation whole?”

3. What is Realism? A faithful representation of reality in literature
A reaction against Romanticism
Emphasis on development of believable characters.
Written in natural vernacular, or dialect.
Prominent from

4. Realist Writers Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Frederick Douglass
Abraham Lincoln
Ambrose Bierce

5. What brought about Realism?
Cultural Divide
The Civil War
The urbanization and industrialization of America
Increasing rates of democracy and literacy
The emerging middle class
The immense cost of life from the Civil War caused Americans to turn away from idealism and focus instead and on the hard realities of life
The South felt slaves were a necessity for their agricultural way of life while the Northern economy focused on trade and industry

6. Regionalism and Naturalism
“Vast, varied, filled with seemingly limitless possibilities – that was the United States in the years following the Civil War. Yet, all around them in this land of hope and opportunity, writers saw fellow Americans living lives of hardship and even despair. Regionalism tried to capture the reality of ordinary people’s lives; naturalism searched for explanations.”

7. Regionalism Often called “local color.”
Focuses on characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features specific to a certain region (eg. the South)
Coincided with Realism and sharing many of the same traits.
Prominent from

8. Why did Regionalism develop?
The Civil War and the building of a national identity
An outgrowth of realism with more focus on a particular setting and its influence over characters

9. Regionalist
Mark Twain
Kate Chopin

10. What is Naturalism?
Applied scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings.
Influenced by Darwinism (natural selection) and psychology (Freud)
Posited that men were governed by heredity and environment.
Often depict man in conflict with nature, society, or himself.

11. Naturalist Writers Stephen Crane Jack London Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Edith Wharton

12. Why did Naturalism develop?
The swell of immigrants in the latter half of the 19th century, which led to a larger lower class and increased poverty in the cities
The prominence of psychology and the theories of Sigmund Freud
Pessimism in the wake of the Civil War and Reconstruction
Publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species

13. Points to Remember…
Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism are intertwined and connected.
Their influence has dominated most literature created since 1910, though the movement itself is dated to roughly that point.
They are truly American modes of writing.