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Patterns of Inheritance

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Presentation on theme: "Patterns of Inheritance"— Presentation transcript:

1 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 12

2 Early Ideas of Heredity
Before the 20th century, 2 concepts were the basis for ideas about heredity: -heredity occurs within species -traits are transmitted directly from parent to offspring This led to the belief that inheritance is a matter of blending traits from the parents.

3 Early Ideas of Heredity
Botanists in the 18th and 19th centuries produced hybrid plants. When the hybrids were crossed with each other, some of the offspring resembled the original strains, rather than the hybrid strains. This evidence contradicted the idea that traits are directly passed from parent to offspring.

4 Why Mendel chose Pea? Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because:
1. other research showed that pea hybrids could be produced 2. many pea varieties were available 3. peas are small plants and easy to grow 4. peas can self-fertilize or be cross-fertilized

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6 Mendel’s experimental design
Mendel’s experimental method: 1. produce true-breeding strains for each trait he was studying 2. cross-fertilize true-breeding strains having alternate forms of a trait -perform reciprocal crosses as well 3. allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize and count the number of offspring showing each form of the trait

7 Monohybrid Crosses Monohybrid cross: a cross to study only 2 variations of a single trait Mendel produced true-breeding pea strains for 7 different traits -each trait had 2 alternate forms (variations) -Mendel cross-fertilized the 2 true-breeding strains for each trait

8 Monohybrid Crosses F1 generation (1st filial generation): offspring produced by crossing 2 true-breeding strains For every trait Mendel studied, all F1 plants resembled only 1 parent -no plants with characteristics intermediate between the 2 parents were produced

9 Monohybrid Crosses F1 generation: offspring resulting from a cross of true-breeding parents F2 generation: offspring resulting from the self-fertilization of F1 plants dominant: the form of each trait expressed in the F1 plants recessive: the form of the trait not seen in the F1 plants

10 Monohybrid Crosses F2 plants exhibited both forms of the trait in a very specific pattern: ¾ plants with the dominant form ¼ plant with the recessive form The dominant to recessive ratio was 3 : 1. Mendel discovered the ratio is actually: 1 true-breeding dominant plant 2 not-true-breeding dominant plants 1 true-breeding recessive plant

11 Monohybrid Crosses gene: information for a trait passed from parent to offspring alleles: alternate forms of a gene homozygous: having 2 of the same allele heterozygous: having 2 different alleles

12 Monohybrid Crosses genotype: total set of alleles of an individual
PP = homozygous dominant Pp = heterozygous pp = homozygous recessive phenotype: outward appearance of an individual

13 Monohybrid Crosses Principle of Segregation
Two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, one from each parent, during fertilization.

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15 Monohybrid Crosses Some human traits are controlled by a single gene.
-some of these exhibit dominant inheritance -some of these exhibit recessive inheritance Pedigree analysis is used to track inheritance patterns in families.

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18 Dihybrid Crosses Dihybrid cross: examination of 2 separate traits in a single cross -for example: RR YY x rryy The F1 generation of a dihybrid cross (RrYy) shows only the dominant phenotypes for each trait.

19 Dihybrid crosses The F2 generation is produced by crossing members of the F1 generation with each other or allowing self-fertilization of the F1. -for example RrYy x RrYy The F2 generation shows all four possible phenotypes in a set ratio: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

20 Dihybrid Crosses Principle of Independent Assortment
In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently.

21 Probability – Predicting Results
Rule of addition: the probability of 2 mutually exclusive events occurring simultaneously is the sum of their individual probabilities. When crossing Pp x Pp, the probability of producing Pp offspring is probability of obtaining Pp (1/4), PLUS probability of obtaining pP (1/4) ¼ + ¼ = ½

22 Probability – Predicting Results
Rule of multiplication: the probability of 2 independent events occurring simultaneously is the PRODUCT of their individual probabilities. When crossing Rr Yy x RrYy, the probability of obtaining rr yy offspring is: probability of obtaining rr = ¼ probability of obtaining yy = ¼ probability of rr yy = ¼ x ¼ = 1/16

23 Testcross Testcross: a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with dominant phenotype -cross the individual with unknown genotype (e.g. P_) with a homozygous recessive (pp) -the phenotypic ratios among offspring are different, depending on the genotype of the unknown parent

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25 Extensions to Mendel Mendel’s model of inheritance assumes that:
-each trait is controlled by a single gene -each gene has only 2 alleles -there is a clear dominant-recessive relationship between the alleles Most genes do not meet these criteria.

26 Extensions to Mendel Polygenic inheritance occurs when multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait. The phenotype is an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes. These traits show continuous variation and are referred to as quantitative traits. For example – human height

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28 Extensions to Mendel Pleiotropy refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype. This can be seen in human diseases such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In these diseases, multiple symptoms can be traced back to one defective allele.

29 Extensions to Mendel Incomplete dominance: the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the 2 homozygotes. Codominance: the heterozygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes.

30 Extensions to Mendel The human ABO blood group system demonstrates:
-multiple alleles: there are 3 alleles of the I gene (IA, IB, and i) -codominance: IA and IB are dominant to i but codominant to each other

31 Extensions to Mendel The expression of some genes can be influenced by the environment. for example: coat color in Himalayan rabbits and Siamese cats -an allele produces an enzyme that allows pigment production only at temperatures below 30oC

32 Extensions to Mendel The products of some genes interact with each other and influence the phenotype of the individual. Epistasis: one gene can interfere with the expression of another gene

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34 This project is funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community Based Job Training Grant as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration (CB ). NCC is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the following basis: against any individual in the United States, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age disability, political affiliation or belief; and against any beneficiary of programs financially assisted under Title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), on the basis of the beneficiary’s citizenship/status as a lawfully admitted immigrant authorized to work in the United States, or his or her participation in any WIA Title I-financially assisted program or activity. “This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community-Based Job Training Grants as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration.  The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor.  The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership.  This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it.  Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible.  All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.”


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