1. How E. Coli find its middle Journal Club talk by Xianfeng Song Advisor: Sima Setayeshgar

2. Outline Introduction to E. coli Regulation of division site placement by Min proteins Experiments: In vivo (qualitative) observations of Min proteins dynamics Modeling:  Quantitative description  How and why Min proteins regulate accurate cell division in E. coli Open questions

3. Big Picture Protein localization (in space and time) as a mechanism for regulating cell function in bacterial cells which are devoid of major organelles  Examples of protein localization

4. About E. coli E. coli is a bacterium commonly found in the intestinal tracts of most vertebrates. Studied intensively by geneticists because of its small genome size, normal lack of pathogenicity, and ease of growth in the laboratory. Size:  0.5 microns in diameter  1.5 microns in length Length of cell cycle: ~ 1 hr From: cwx.prenhall.com

5. E. coli life cycle FtsZ ring: polymerizes at division site, provides framework for assembly of other cell division proteins constricts like a drawstring during cell division, splitting the cell in two; it disassembles after division accuracy of placement determines division accuracy FtsZ ring

6. Accuracy of cell division in E. coli Division accuracy:.50 +/-.02 Placement of FtsZ ring:.50 +/-.01

7. Two systems regulate division site placement Nucleoid occlusion Min proteins  Includes MinC, MinD, and MinE

8. Function of Min Proteins (from experimental observations) MinC  Inhibits FtsZ ring formation  Recruited by MinD:ATP onto membrane MinD  MinD:ATP stick onto membrane  MinD:ADP tends to go into cytoplasm  MinD:ATP recruits MinC and MinE to membrane MinE  Recruited by MinD:ATP onto membrane  induces ATP hydrolysis (ATP  ADP) Black: MinC Red: MinD Blue: MinE

9. Min protein phenotypes (from experiments) Without Min proteins, get minicelling phenotype (Min - ) If MinC is over-expressed, get filamentous growth, i.e., no division (Sep - )

10. MinD oscillations: Hale et al. (2001) MinD-GFP

11. MinE ring oscillation caps MinD polar region: MinE ring is membrane bound. Ring appears near cell center, moves to one pole, back to center, and on to next pole. Hale et al. (2001) MinE-GFP

12. Wavelength of oscillations is ~10 microns. Hale et al. (2001) MinE-GFP Filamentous cell has “zebra stripe” pattern of oscillations MinD-GFP Raskin and de Boer (1999)

13. Phenomenology of Min oscillations from in vivo observations MinD polar regions grow as end caps MinE ring caps MinD polar region Filamentous cell has “zebra stripe” pattern of oscillations Oscillation frequency:  [MinE]   frequency   [MinD]   frequency  Oscillations require MinD and MinE but not MinC

14. Summary of modeling efforts Howard et al. (2001)  Simple 1D model  MinE is recruited by cytoplasmic MinD to membrane  MinD polar region fails to reform at poles (does not agree with experiment) Meinhardt and de Boer (2001) Huang and Wingreen (2003)  MinE is recruited by membrane-bound MinD:ATP  MinD aggregation on the membrane follows a one-step process Kruse et al. (2005)  Consider protein diffusion within the membrane  MinD aggregation on the membrane follows a two-step process: first attachment to membrane, then self-assembly into filament

15. Huang and Wingreen (2003) Model

16. Governing equations (from Huang and Wingreen, 2003)

17. Result: MinD/E movie MinE MinD

18. Simulation results: MinD end caps and MinE ring

19. Mechanism for growth of MinD polar regions (according to Huang and Wingreen, 2003) MinD:ADP ejected from old end cap diffuses in cytoplasm. Slow MinD:ADP  MinD:ATP conversion implies uniform reappearance of MinD:ATP in the cytoplasm. Capture of MinD:ATP by old end cap leads to maximum of cytoplasmic MinD:ATP at opposite pole.

20. Model result I: Frequency of oscillations ~ [MinE]/[MinD] Relation:  [MinE]   frequency ,  [MinD]   frequency . Minimum oscillation period 25s.  No oscillations for [MinE] too high, or for [MinD] too low. (from Huang and Wingreen) ( 4 micron cell) ( 4 micron cell)

21. Model result II: “Zebra stripe” oscillations in long cells Stripes form with wavelength of ~10 microns

22. Oscillations allow E. Coli to divide accurately The oscillations result in a minimum MinD concentration at the middle on the cell. MinC dynamics simply follows MinD dynamics. MinC i nhibits FtsZ ring formation.

23. Selection of “intrinsic” length scale by cell: Linear stability analysis around homogeneous solution: Red curve corresponds to a normal cell 1/k max ~ cell dimension below which there are no oscillations

24. Selection of “intrinsic” length scale by reaction- diffusion mechanism: Turing pattern formation

25. Recent Developments “Recent” experiment indicate helical morphology of MinD polymers on membrane Recent modeling efforts (mainly focus on cleaning some details, no breakthrough)  Effect of fluctuating protein numbers (Howard, et al, 2003),  Inclusion of membrane diffusion and more reactions (Kruse, et al, 2005)  Min-protein oscillations in round bacteria (Huang and Wingreen, 2004) From Hu et al. (2002), Shih et al. (2003)

26. Open questions (from the community) Role of helical polymerization of MinD on the membrane MinE ring reverses direction temporarily: stochastic effect?

27. Open questions from us Where does the precision of division come from? Why is it 4%, not 10% or 20%?

28. Conclusions Although bacteria such as E. coli is a very simple creature, it is also very complicated system. To understand this system, physicist can help a lot.

29. And thanks to Ned Wingreen (Princeton U.) for sharing some material for this talk with us. Thank you!

30. Evidence from in vitro studies A. Phospholipid vesicles B. MinD:ATP binds to vesicles and deforms them into tubes C. MinD:ATP polymerizes on vesicles D. Diffraction pattern indicates well-ordered lattice of MinD:ATP E. MinE induces hydrolysis of MinD:ATP and disassembly of tubes Hu et al. (2002)

31. Min proteins in spherical cells: Neisseria gonorrhoeae Wild type MinD Ng - Szeto et al. (2001)

32. Min-protein oscillations in nearly round cells

33. In E. coli, Min oscillations “target” MinD to poles

34. Why does E. coli need an oscillator? In B. subtilis, minicelling is prevented by MinCD homologs, but polar regions are static. Marston et al. (1998)

35. How E. coli find its middle Proteins are too small to see the caps’ curvature Subtilis have local proteins fixed at two ends, but E. coli does not have

36. Min protein phenotypes (from experiments) Without Min proteins, get minicelling phenotype (Min - ) If MinC is over-expressed, get filamentous growth, i.e., no division (Sep - )

37. Predictions of model (Huang and Wingreen, 2003) Delay in MinD:ATP recovery is essential (verified by some experiments). Rate of hydrolysis of MinD:ATP by MinE sets oscillation frequency. Diffusion length of MinD before rebinding to membrane sets spatial wavelength.