1. Higher Academic Lingo Didn’t you graduate?

2. 2-Year Science Degrees Associate of Science (A.S.)

3. Associates of Science Degree Associate of Science (A.S.) Granted by 2-year institution, such as community college Transferrable to 4-year institution Associate of Science (A.S.) Granted by 2-year institution, such as community college Transferrable to 4-year institution CCSN

4. 2-Year Science Degrees Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S) Granted by 2-year institution, such as community college Transferrable to 4-year institution Most often used for degrees that will be used immediately Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S) Granted by 2-year institution, such as community college Transferrable to 4-year institution Most often used for degrees that will be used immediately CCSN

5. 2-Year Science Degrees Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S) Associate of Science (A.S.) Asssociate of Nursing Associate of Technology Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S) Associate of Science (A.S.) Asssociate of Nursing Associate of Technology CCSN

6. 4-year Science Degrees Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor of Arts degree (B.A.) Bachelor of Science degree (B.S. or B.Sc.) Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor of Arts degree (B.A.) Bachelor of Science degree (B.S. or B.Sc.)

7. HonorsHonors

8. HonorsHonors cum laude (“with praise”) magna cum laude (“with great praise”) summa cum laude (“with highest praise”) cum laude (“with praise”) magna cum laude (“with great praise”) summa cum laude (“with highest praise”)

9. B.A. vs. B.S. Degree B.S. tends to concentrate either more in science or mathematics or in the field of study The difference or preference for B.A. vs. B.S. is not only discipline-specific but also school- specific B.S. tends to concentrate either more in science or mathematics or in the field of study The difference or preference for B.A. vs. B.S. is not only discipline-specific but also school- specific

10. Advanced Science Degrees Masters of Science (M.S.) Requires a Bachelor’s degree first Usually a 2-3 year maximum Completed at 4-year institution May be a terminal degree, or en route to a Ph.D. Masters of Science (M.S.) Requires a Bachelor’s degree first Usually a 2-3 year maximum Completed at 4-year institution May be a terminal degree, or en route to a Ph.D.

11. The Master’s Degree The “magister” degree (“teacher’s degree”) Ideal degree for specialized teaching Highly marketable for specialized research associate positions The “magister” degree (“teacher’s degree”) Ideal degree for specialized teaching Highly marketable for specialized research associate positions

12. The Master’s Degree The Master’s graduation gown and hood Pretentious academics!

13. The Master’s Degree The “magister” degree (“teacher’s degree”) Ideal degree for specialized teaching Highly marketable for specialized research associate positions Requirements ~ a year of graduate level courses In biology a M.S. will require at least some limited independent research. The “magister” degree (“teacher’s degree”) Ideal degree for specialized teaching Highly marketable for specialized research associate positions Requirements ~ a year of graduate level courses In biology a M.S. will require at least some limited independent research.

14. Advanced Science Degrees Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Requires at least Bachelor’s degree first Previous M.S. degree may lower class load Completed at universities only The highest academic degree Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Requires at least Bachelor’s degree first Previous M.S. degree may lower class load Completed at universities only The highest academic degree

15. Now THAT is a pompous hood! Doctoral robes and extravagant hood

16. Advanced Science Degrees Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Time of study varies (widely!), U.S. average approximately 5.5 years without a previous M.S. degree Life science Ph.D.s require extensive individual research projects (again, highly variable) Little emphasis on teaching Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Time of study varies (widely!), U.S. average approximately 5.5 years without a previous M.S. degree Life science Ph.D.s require extensive individual research projects (again, highly variable) Little emphasis on teaching

17. Other “doctoral” Degrees Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) apparently the “sexiest” doctoral degree One of about two doctoral degrees that allow the practice of medicine (in U.S.A, of course) Fairly rigid program lasting 4 years Some perform research Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) apparently the “sexiest” doctoral degree One of about two doctoral degrees that allow the practice of medicine (in U.S.A, of course) Fairly rigid program lasting 4 years Some perform research

18. Freaks M.D. / Ph.Ds gluttons for punishment pursue two doctoral degrees simultaneously allows (supposedly) easier research on humans usually end up as administrators, in my opinion Dr. Sterling Milton

19. Other “doctoral” Degrees Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) essentially a European Ph.D.; research driven Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) Typically a 3 year program Most are used for employment as commercial pharmacists, but may include research Amani’s father is a pharmacist (coming to speak) Doctor of Science (Sc.D.) essentially a European Ph.D.; research driven Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) Typically a 3 year program Most are used for employment as commercial pharmacists, but may include research Amani’s father is a pharmacist (coming to speak)

20. Graduate School Who’s Who and What do they do?

21. The Academic Laboratory The academic laboratory at a university is where most life science, non clinical, research takes place

22. The Principal investigator (PI) The PI is the person (almost always a professor) in charge of the laboratory and its research direction Duties include: securing funding directing research and mentoring graduate students and postdocs in a tenure (track) position dr. jodi Huggenvik (Graduate PI)

23. University professors Assistant professor Tenure track, but not yet tenured must have a Ph.D. or equivalent, and other desirable (usually research) qualities for the department hiring. Salary is funded mainly by the institution, but may be supplemented by external sources (i.e. grants) Associate professor A tenured assistant professor with a positive record at the institution. Full professor A further promoted associate professor. Usually requires many years of service at the institution.

24. University professors Research professors A college level faculty appointment that does not have the possibility of tenure. Salary is usually dependent on grants, not on the institution! May be the PI of the lab or may work under another PI Dr. Holly Hobart, Research professor

25. The “Grunts” Postdocs Completed a Ph.D. or equivalent Works “under” another PI Analogous to a “residency” for M.D.s A period of final training before obtaining their own lab. Stipend almost always comes from a grant written either by the PI or the postdoc his/herself. Dr. ted weinert (my postdoc mentor)

26. The “Grunts” Graduate Students Students pursuing a M.S. or Ph.D. Receive a tuition waver and stipend for either performing research (R.A.) or for assisting professors with teaching (T.A.) The stipend comes from the university for T.A.s or (usually) from a grant for R.A.s Some grunts

27. The “Grunts” Technicians Performs extensive benchwork, but rarely tests own hypotheses Typically have B.S. or M.S. degrees Salary comes from PI grants Student workers College students working toward B.S. degree Paid (poorly) from PI grants

28. Grants: Where Money comes from Private funding Trust funds and foundations (e.g. Bill and Melinda Gates) Community organizations (American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, etc.)

29. Grants: Where Money comes from Public (govt.) funding By far the largest amount of funding is from federal sources NIH NSF Hundreds of smaller federal and state granting institutions Dept. of Defense Breast and prostate cancer program

30. Academic vs. Private Sector Academic Colleges and universities, a few institutes affiliated with schools Private (usually commercial) Biotechnology corporations i.e. Pharmaceutical companies (e.g. Merck, Phizer, startups) Non-profit institutes like NVCI Government run laboratories National Institutes of Health

31. Academics vs. Private Sector category PrivateAcademic Salary✔ Vacation✔ OccupationalFre edoms✔ Job Stability-- Research Focus✔ Teaching✔