1. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 HUT-2D First results using the 36-element fully integrated instrument Kimmo Rautiainen, Juha Kainulainen, Tuomo Auer, Jani Kettunen, Robert Butora, Martti Hallikainen

2. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Contents Instrument introduction First results –Cold sky measurement –Airborne measurement Next flights

3. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Instrument Two dimensional aperture synthesis radiometer 36 receivers in U-shape geometry Platform: HUT research aircraft, Skyvan SC7 Total mass: 100 kg Size: 2 x 2 x 0.4 m

4. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Main parameters

5. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 First images Sky measurement –Over night –Objective to measure Cygnus First airborne measurements

6. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Milky Way On the left: Cygnus at L- band On the right: Measurement

7. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 First flights Two flights in Helsinki area Interesting targets: –Land – water boundaries: high contrast –Forest – open area differences: low contrast –Urban areas

8. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Geo-localisation Pixels in used in image processing 13 x 13 pixels included Aircraft INS and GPS sensor data included In the first flights, the output is average over all the incidence angles and all the polarizations Beam size and shape not taken into account

9. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Land-Water boundary Measurement on the left and CLC2000 (Corine) Land Use Data  Finland's Environmental Administration(SYKE) as a reference on the right

10. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Land – Water boundary II Island

11. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Coastline

12. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Forest – open area

13. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Urban areas Hot spots at L-band

14. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Sun reflection from the sea surface Flights were performed at daylight Reflected sun is visible in the image

15. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Performance over sea surface STD, 60 samples, 250ms integration time => total time 15 seconds  Averaged image: deviation 4.3 K inside  Std of synthesised pixels 1.7 K inside Averaged image Standard deviation of each pixel

16. HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY SMOS SAG meeting, 2.-3.11.2006 Next Flight End of November Improvements implemented: –Temperature regulated centralised noise source –H-V switching –Fringe washing function correction –Geo-localization algorithm regarding beam size and shape