1. ‘ Ain Dara Temple (Syria, 1300-740 BCE) and Solomon’s Temple (960-586 BCE)

3. Babylonian Exile Psalm 137 (new JPS) 1. By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat, sat and wept, as we thought of Zion. 2. There on the poplars we hung up our lyres, 3. for our captors asked use there for songs, our tormentors, for amusement, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion.” 4. How can we sing a song of the Lord on alien soil? 5. If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand wither; 6. Let my tongue stick to my palate if I cease to think of you, if I do not keep Jerusalem in memory even at my happiest hour

4. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 597/586 – 538 BCE ] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

5. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE Babylonian exile, 586 – 538 BCE (descendants of Jehoiachin) Persian rule, 538/516 – 332 BCE Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

6. Babylonian Exile, 586 to 538 BCE (6 th century BCE)

8. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (c. 94 CE) “From the time they went up from Babylon, they were known by this name (Ioudaioi), after the tribe of Judah.”

9. Babylonian exile: narrative history “Internally”  Beginning of canonization of the Jewish bible  Change in meaning of “Judean” “Extnerally”  Persian conquest of Babylon, 539 BCE  Persian vs. Assyrian and Babylonian models of conquest

10. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 586 – 516 BCE ] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

11. Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.

12. Persian Rule, 539 – 332 BCE c. 530 BCE, time of Buddha, Pythagoras and Confucius; Aeschylus born 525 BCE. 516 BCE, inauguration of Second Temple 458 BCE, Ezra arrives in Jerusalem c. 400 – 300 BCE, probable composition of Book of Esther

13. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 586 – 516 BCE ] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE Hellenistic rule, 332 - 164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

14. Hellenistic Rule, 332 – 167 BCE

16. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE Hellenistic rule, 332 [Babylonian exile597/586 – 538 BCE ] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE - 164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164 - 63 BCE (Hasmonean family + “zugot”, then “Tana’im” (from c. 40 CE) Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE,

17. Hasmonean Rule, 164 - 63 BCE

18. Second Temple Period, 516 BCE to 70 CE [Babylonian exile, 597/586 – 538 BCE ] Persian rule, 538 – 332 BCE Hellenistic rule, 332 - 167/164 BCE Hasmonean rule, 164/140 - 63 BCE Roman rule, 63 BCE – 638 CE 70 CE, destruction of the Second Temple Rabbinic period. 70 CE – approx. 638 CE

19. Roman Rule, from 63 BCE

20. Jewish Sects in Greco-Roman Times Pharisees Sadducees Essenees Qumran Early Christians