1. Determination of Crystal Structure (Chapt. 10)
1. Use the angular positions of the diffraction lines to determine the shape and size of the unit cell.
 Assume either cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic,
rhombohedral, hexagonal, monoclinic, or triclinic.
 Assign Miller indices to each reflection (“index the
pattern”).
 If a match is not obtained, the assumption of  should be
changed and the pattern indexed again.
 Calculate the size of the unit cell based on the positions
and Miller indices of the diffraction lines.
2. With the measured density of the material, the chemical composition, and the size of the unit cell, calculate the number of atoms per unit cell.
3. Find the positions of the atoms in the unit cell by using the relative intensities of the diffraction lines.
Guess
Guess
Correct? No
Yes
Done

2. Preliminary Treatment of Data
We want the values of sin2q for each diffraction line (in order to find the cell size and shape), however, there can be errors to what we measure, including extraneous lines in the diffraction pattern, and systematic errors (misalignment, film shrinkage, absorption, etc.)
Extraneous Lines
1. X-ray beam with multiple wavelengths:
2. Contaminants or impurities in the sample, or the specimen mount!
Systematic Errors
1. Film shrinkage (see Fig. 6-5 Cullity)
2. Specimen is off-centered in Debye-Scherrer camera (see Fig Cullity)
3. Absorption in the sample
Answer mix in a reference material and calibrate. (see Fig Cullity)

3. Cubic Crystals (Indexing the Patterns)
Simple cubic: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, etc.
Body-centered cubic: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, . . .
Face-centered cubic: 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, . . .
Diamond cubic: 3, 8, 11, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32, . . .

4. Corrections for Systematic Errors
Absorption error can be lumped into this error.

5. Correction for Systematic Error
Differentiation of Bragg’s Law:
For a cubic crystal:
Fractional error in a
(goes to zero as q  90)

6. Correction for Systematic Error
At small f (large q), this could be approximated as:

7. Correction for Systematic Error

8. Nelson-Riley

9. Indexing Patterns for Non-Cubic Crystals
Tetragonal
Depends on (c/a), but not on a.
Requires two ranges to cover
what is covered by one range of d
Negative scaling

10. Dull-Harvey Chart

11. Indexing Patterns for Non-Cubic Crystals
Tetragonal
Depends on (c/a), but not on a.

12. Scales for Left Side of Above Equations
d scale
sin2q scale

13. Hexagonal Hull-Davey Chart

14. Zinc Example (Cu Ka)
From table 10-2 (sin2q)

15. 10-5
10-7
10-8

16. Chapter 10 Example

17. Extended Hull-Davey Chart

18. Hull-Davey for Cubic

19. Sin2q Scale of Table 10-5

20. Chapter 10 Example