1. Chapter 14 Gases

2. Gas Pressure – The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa). – One standard atmosphere (atm) is the pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury in a mercury barometer at 25°C. 13.1

6. for Sample Problem 13.1

7. Properties of Gases In organized soccer, a ball that is properly inflated will rebound faster and travel farther than a ball that is under-inflated. If the pressure is too high, the ball may burst when it is kicked. You will study variables that affect the pressure of a gas.

8. Compressibility – Why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids are?

9. Compressibility – Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure. When a person collides with an inflated airbag, the compression of the gas absorbs the energy of the impact.

10. Compressibility – Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. – The distance between particles in a gas is much greater than the distance between particles in a liquid or solid. – Under pressure, the particles in a gas are forced closer together.

11. Compressibility At room temperature, the distance between particles in an enclosed gas is about 10 times the diameter of a particle.

12. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure – What are the three factors that affect gas pressure?

13. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure – The amount of gas, volume, and temperature are factors that affect gas pressure. Four variables are generally used to describe a gas. The variables and their common units are – pressure (P) in kilopascals – volume (V) in liters – temperature (T) in kelvins – the number of moles (n).

14. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure – Amount of Gas You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions. If you inflate an air raft, for example, the pressure inside the raft will increase.

15. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Collisions of particles with the inside walls of the raft result in the pressure that is exerted by the enclosed gas. Increasing the number of particles increases the number of collisions, which is why the gas pressure increases.

16. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure If the gas pressure increases until it exceeds the strength of an enclosed, rigid container, the container will burst.

17. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Aerosol Spray Paint

18. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure – Volume You can raise the pressure exerted by a contained gas by reducing its volume. The more a gas is compressed, the greater is the pressure that the gas exerts inside the container.

19. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure When the volume of the container is halved, the pressure the gas exerts is doubled.

20. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure – Temperature An increase in the temperature of an enclosed gas causes an increase in its pressure. As a gas is heated, the average kinetic energy of the particles in the gas increases. Faster-moving particles strike the walls of their container with more energy.

21. Web Links: Gas Laws Demonstrations http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/gasesv6.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/ess entialchemistry/flash/gasesv6.swf http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Labor atory/GLP.htm http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Labor atory/GLP.htm

22. 14.2 Gas Laws

23. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume – How are the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas related?

24. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume – If the temperature is constant, as the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases.

25. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume Boyle’s law states that for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure.

26. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume

27. 14.1

30. for Sample Problem 14.1

31. Charles’s Law: Temperature and Volume As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases, the volume increases, if the pressure is constant.

32. Charles’s Law: Temperature and Volume As the temperature of the water increases, the volume of the balloon increases.

33. Charles’s Law: Temperature and Volume – Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant.

34. Charles’s Law: Temperature and Volume

35. 14.2

38. for Sample Problem 14.2

39. Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature – As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases, the pressure increases, if the volume is constant.

40. Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature When a gas is heated at constant volume, the pressure increases.

41. Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature Gay-Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant.

42. Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure and Temperature A pressure cooker demonstrates Gay-Lussac’s Law.

43. 14.3

46. for Sample Problem 14.3

47. The Combined Gas Law – When is the combined gas law used to solve problems?

48. The Combined Gas Law The combined gas law describes the relationship among the pressure, temperature, and volume of an enclosed gas.

49. The Combined Gas Law – The combined gas law allows you to do calculations for situations in which only the amount of gas is constant.

50. 14.4

53. for Sample Problem 14.4

54. 14.3 Ideal Gas Law

55. Ideal Gases Solid carbon dioxide, or dry ice, doesn’t melt. It sublimes. Dry ice can exist because gases don’t obey the assumptions of kinetic theory under all conditions. You will learn how real gases differ from the ideal gases on which the gas laws are based.

56. Ideal Gas Law – What is needed to calculate the amount of gas in a sample at given conditions of volume, temperature, and pressure?

57. Ideal Gas Law – To calculate the number of moles of a contained gas requires an expression that contains the variable n.

58. Ideal Gas Law The gas law that includes all four variables—P, V, T, and n—is called the ideal gas law. The ideal gas constant (R) has the value 8.31 (L·kPa)/(K·mol).

59. 14.5

63. for Sample Problem 14.5

64. Ideal Gases and Real Gases – Under what conditions are real gases most likely to differ from ideal gases?

65. Ideal Gases and Real Gases There are attractions between the particles in an ideal gas. Because of these attractions, a gas can condense,or even solidify, when it is compressed or cooled.

66. Ideal Gases and Real Gases – Real gases differ most from an ideal gas at low temperatures and high pressures.

67. Ideal Gases and Real Gases

68. 14.4

69. Gases: Mixtures and Movements A list of gear for an expedition to Mount Everest includes climbing equipment, ski goggles, a down parka with a hood, and most importantly compressed-gas cylinders of oxygen. You will find out why a supply of oxygen is essential at higher altitudes.

70. Dalton’s Law – How is the total pressure of a mixture of gases related to the partial pressures of the component gases?

71. Dalton’s Law The contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure is called the partial pressure exerted by that gas.

72. Dalton’s Law – In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases.

73. Dalton’s Law Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that, at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.

74. Dalton’s Law Three gases are combined in container T.

75. Dalton’s Law The partial pressure of oxygen must be 10.67 kPa or higher to support respiration in humans. The climber below needs an oxygen mask and a cylinder of compressed oxygen to survive.

76. 14.6

80. for Sample Problem 14.6

81. Graham’s Law – How does the molar mass of a gas affect the rate at which the gas effuses or diffuses?

82. Graham’s Law Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move from areas of high concentration toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout.

83. Graham’s Law Bromine vapor is diffusing upward through the air in a graduated cylinder.

84. Graham’s Law After several hours, the bromine has diffused almost to the top of the cylinder.

85. Graham’s Law During effusion, a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container. – Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher molar mass.

86. Graham’s Law – Thomas Graham’s Contribution Graham’s law of effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas’s molar mass. This law can also be applied to the diffusion of gases.

87. Graham’s Law – Comparing Effusion Rates A helium filled balloon will deflate sooner than an air- filled balloon.

88. Graham’s Law Helium atoms are less massive than oxygen or nitrogen molecules. So the molecules in air move more slowly than helium atoms with the same kinetic energy.

89. Graham’s Law Because the rate of effusion is related only to a particle’s speed, Graham’s law can be written as follows for two gases, A and B.