1. Launch Vehicles and Orbits

2. How Rockets Work Newton's Laws of Motion are: –An object at rest tends to remain at rest –An object in motion tends to remain in motion –For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

3. Conservation of Momentum Newton's Laws are all contained in a more general principle called conservation of momentum. Momentum is mass times velocity In a system that is not disturbed from outside, the total momentum stays constant.

4. Conservation of Momentum Means: If velocity is zero, momentum is zero (Newton's First Law) If velocity is not zero, and mass doesn't change, then velocity doesn't change (Newton's Second Law)

5. Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law If mass changes somehow, then so does velocity. If an object is stationary, and flings off mass, the rest of the mass moves in the opposite direction. The flung off mass has positive momentum, the rest has negative momentum, and the total momentum remains zero (Newton's Third Law).

6. Conservation of Momentum

7. Rockets and Jets Rockets and jets work according to Newton's Third Law. They fire mass out at high speed and acquire velocity in the opposite direction. They do not need something to push against. They move because they are expelling exhaust gases at high speeds. Tthe rocket or jet is pushing mass away, and the mass is pushing back (equal and opposite reaction.)

8. How Rockets and Jets Differ Rockets and jets expel mass by burning fuel. A jet gets the oxygen for combustion from the atmosphere A rocket carries oxygen in some form with it. Thus rockets can function outside the Earth's atmosphere; jets can't.

9. Rockets are Mostly Fuel (and Oxygen) A rocket or jet has to carry all its remaining fuel with it. (And oxygen, if it’s a rocket). Most of the mass of the Space Shuttle is fuel, and most of that is used to get the remaining fuel off the ground. The miles-per-gallon fuel economy of the Space Shuttle in its first foot off the ground is pretty terrible!

10. About Orbits and Satellites Satellites travel elliptical paths with the center of the Earth at one focus (Kepler's First Law) Inertia causes object to continue moving in a straight line Gravity pulls object to Earth Balance between the two = orbit

11. Newton’s Mountain

12. Important Orbits Low vs. High Inclination Almost all are Prograde Polar Orbits for global coverage Circular Orbits strongly preferred –Constant altitude –Constant speed Sun-Synchronous Geosynchronous 12-Hour (GPS)

13. About Orbits You do not need to expend fuel to stay in orbit Satellites need attitude control fuel to correct for atmospheric drag, lunar and solar gravity, etc. May want thrusters to help maintain orbits Spin stabilization helps Once below 200 km, atmospheric braking leads to re-entry

14. About Orbits The focus of a satellite orbit is the center of the earth The plane of a satellite orbit always passes through the center of the earth There is no such thing as an orbit over the poles, over a small region, etc. It is possible to have an orbit over the equator

15. Precession Put sideways force on anything moving in a circle, it will precess Precession affects planetary rotation Precession also affects orbits We can control precession of satellites by selecting orbital inclination Fixed with respect to stars Fixed with respect to sun

16. Precession

19. Three Pioneers of Rocketry Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) –Worked out theoretical problems of spaceflight Robert Goddard (1882-1945) –First Liquid Fuel Rocket Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) –Helped create operational rockets

20. Robert Goddard - First Liquid- Fuel Rocket, 1926

21. The V-1

22. The V-2

23. From Sapwood to Sputnik An existing rocket, the SS-6, was used. The warhead section was removed A cluster of four more SS-6 engines was bolted around a central engine Very Dependable

24. Sputnik I October 4, 1957 S- (with) + put’ (path) + -nik (one who) = Sputnik Literally, one who follows the same path

25. Early Rockets, Kennedy Space Center

26. Early Rockets, Huntsville AL

27. V-2 Huntsville AL

28. V-2 shrapnel

29. V-2 Components

30. Gemini, 1965

31. Sensor Technology Passive (senses only ambient signals) Active (emits signals) Imaging Non-Imaging Scanning (mechanical or electronic) Non-scanning

32. The Single Most Valuable Product of the Space Program

33. Crescent Earth

34. Himalayas from Space Shuttle

35. Volcano, Alaska

36. Fringing Reefs

37. Icebergs, Antarctica

38. A Noble Myth “In my life, I've seen the images from space of a blue-white-green world — there are no political lines drawn on this planet. Luis J. Rodriguez “The border between the United States and Mexico is an imaginary line. It cannot be seen from space” The Border Zone: A History of Trade between the United States and Mexico, Julia Albright; Age of Irony, Winter 2004

39. “You Can’t See Borders From Space”

40. Mexican Border

42. Menominee County, WI

43. U.S.-Canadian Border

44. Landsat View of Green Bay

46. Landsat view of Washington D.C.

47. Radar Image of New York City

48. Spy Satellite Views of Soviet Aircraft Carrier

50. Spy Satellite View of Soviet Airfield

53. World Trade Center, September 11, 2001

54. Pope John Paul II Funeral

56. Barack Obama’s Inauguration

58. And Now For Something Completely Different….

59. Gulf Stream in Infrared

60. Ultraviolet View of Earth

61. The Ocean Floor From Space

62. Earth and Moon Together

63. Really Remote Sensing

64. An Eclipse of the Sun – By Earth