1. Technology in Architecture Lecture 17 Sound in Enclosed Spaces Reverberation Auditorium Design Lecture 17 Sound in Enclosed Spaces Reverberation Auditorium Design

2. Sound In Enclosed Spaces

3. Sound Absorption Amount of sound energy not reflected S: p. 771,, F.18.2

4. Sound Absorption Absorption coefficient α=I α /I i α=absorption coefficient I α =sound power intensity absorbed (w/cm 2 ) I i =sound power impinging on material (w/cm 2 ) 1.0 is total absorption

5. Sound Absorption Absorption coefficient S: p. 769, T.18.1

6. Sound Absorption Absorption A=Sα A=total absorption (sabins) S=surface area (ft 2 or m 2 ) α=absorption coefficient sabins (m 2 )= 10.76 sabins (sf)

7. Sound Absorption Total Absorption Σα=S 1 α 1 + S 2 α 2 + S 3 α 3 +…+S n α n or ΣA=A 1 + A 2 + A 3 +…+A n

8. Sound Absorption Average Absorption α avg =ΣA/S α avg <0.2 “live” α avg >0.4 “dead” S: p. 774, F.18.6

9. Reflection in enclosed spaces Acoustical phenomena S: p. 787, F.18.20 S: p. 788, F.18.21

10. Ray diagrams Trace the reflection paths to and from adjoining surfaces angle of incidence = angle of reflection I R

11. Ray diagrams Trace the reflection paths to receiver Reflected sound path ≤ Direct sound path+55 Note: check rear wall and vertical paths Note: SR-6=RR-7 SR-6: p.116, F.5-12

12. Reflection in enclosed spaces Auditorium sound reinforcement S: p. 789, F.18.23

13. ReverberationReverberation

14. Reverberation Persistence of sound after source has ceased S: p. 771, F.18.2

15. Reverberation Time Period of time required for a 60 db drop after sound source stops T R = K x V/ΣA T R : reverberation time (seconds) K: 0.05 (English) (0.049 in SR-6) or 0.16 (metric) V: volume (ft 3 or m 3 ) ΣA: total room absorption, sabins (ft 2 or m 2 )

16. Reverberation Time Application Volume S: p. 782, F.18.13 ft 3 x1000 3.5 35.0 350

17. Reverberation Time Calculated for “center band frequencies” 125250500100020004000 Pay specific attention to 125 hz and 500 hz

18. Reverberation Example Compile data Material Absorption Coefficient Material Surface Area SR-6: p.121

19. Reverberation Example Compare to requirements and adjust S: p. 782, F.27.13 ft 3 x1000 3.5 35.0 350

20. Auditorium Design

21. Room Acoustics Noise ControlSound System

22. Auditorium Design Factors Audience Size Range of Performance Activities Audience Sophistication

23. Auditorium Design Parameters 1. Audience Size (floor area): 6-8sf/seat 2. Reverberation (volume): Motion Picture Theatre100 cf/seat Lecture Hall100 cf/seat Music Room/Auditorium200-250 cf/seat Symphony Hall200-300 cf/seat Choral Rehearsal350 cf/seat Band Rehearsal500 cf/seat

24. Auditorium Design Parameters 3. Ceiling Height= Volume/Floor Area generally…20 x T R

25. Auditorium Design Parameters 4. Typical Dimensions L:W:H = 2H:1.5H:H Determine acceptable width (80-120’) Determine length (L = SF/Width) If Length ≥120’, use balcony

26. Auditorium Design Parameters 5. Stage opening: 40-50’ wide x 25’ high

27. Auditorium Design Parameters 6. Shape Walls and Ceilings a) source is 5’ from stage front, 5’ above stage floor b) trace reflectances from back wall, side walls, and ceiling @ 40-60’ from stage 40’ 60’

28. Auditorium Design Parameters 7. Check Echoes

29. Auditorium Design Example Given data RR-7: p.119

30. Reverberation Time Symphonic 492,480 ft 3 T R =1.5 seconds S: p. 782, F.18.13 ft 3 x1000 3.5 35.0 350

31. Auditorium Design Example Given data SR-6: p.115, F.5-11

32. Auditorium Design Example Given data SR-6: p.116, F.5-12

33. Auditorium Design Example Area takeoffs SR-6: p.120

34. Auditorium Design Example Locate coefficients S: p. 769, T.18.1

35. Auditorium Design Example Absorption Coefficients SR-6: p.121

36. Auditorium Design Example Compute absorption Compute reverberation SR-6: p.121

37. Auditorium Design Example Compute T R 500 for given data: T R =0.049 x V/ ΣA =0.049 x 492,480/12,538 =1.92 seconds

38. Auditorium Design Example Compute absorption needed for volume: T R =1.5 seconds ΣA=0.049 x V/T R =0.049 x 492,480/1.5 =16,088 sabins

39. Auditorium Design Example Adjust to meet absorption Add acoustical tile on walls

40. Auditorium Design Example Determine acoustical tile area

41. Auditorium Design Example Determine acoustical tile area Sabins design16,088 - Sabins given12,538 Sabins short 3,550 Translate to area of acoustical tile Sabins/Δα=3,550/0.67= 5,299 sf

42. Auditorium Design Example Add 5,299 sf of acoustical tile on walls Recompute T R500

43. Auditorium Design Example Recompute T R-500 for revised data: T R-500 =0.049 x V/ ΣA =0.049 x 492,480/16,088 =1.5 seconds Compute T R-125 for revised data: T R-125 =0.049 x V/ ΣA =0.049 x 492,480/9,593 =2.52 seconds

44. Auditorium Design Example Compare T R-500 with T R-125 : T R - 125 /T R - 500 =2.52/1.5= 1.68 Ratio should be 1.6-1.85 to offset hearing deficiency

45. Auditorium Design Example Check final conditions SR-6: p. 122

46. Sound Systems Check final conditions S: p. 794, F.18.28