1. 20 The New Frontier and the Great Society Kennedy and the Cold War
QUIT 20
C H A P T E R
The New Frontier and the Great Society
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
SECTION 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
GRAPH
MAP
SECTION 2
The New Frontier
SECTION 3
The Great Society
VISUAL SUMMARY

2. 20 The New Frontier and the Great Society
HOME 20
C H A P T E R
The New Frontier and the Great Society
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the achievements and challenges of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations

3. 20 The New Frontier and the Great Society I N T E R A C T
HOME 20
C H A P T E R
The New Frontier and the Great Society
I N T E R A C T
W I T H H I S T O R Y
Against the backdrop of an intense space race between America and the Soviet Union, the 1960 presidential election approaches. The leading candidates are a young, charismatic senator and the ambitious, experienced vice-president. The new president will face tremendous responsibilities. Abroad, the Soviet Union is stockpiling nuclear weapons. At home, millions suffer from poverty and discrimination.
What are the qualities of effective leaders?
Examine the Issues
• How can a leader motivate and influence the public?
• What skills are needed to persuade legislators?
• What enables a leader to respond to crises?

4. 20 The New Frontier and the Great Society The United States The World
HOME 20
C H A P T E R
The New Frontier and the Great Society
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1960 Seventeen African countries gain independence.
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president.
1961 U.S. launches the Bay of Pigs invasion.
1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in outer space.
1962 John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the earth. U.S. and USSR face off in the Cuban missile crisis.
1962 The drug thalidomide is pulled from the market after it is found responsible for thousands of birth defects in Europe.
1963 President Kennedy is assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. Congress passes the Economic Opportunity Act and Civil Rights Act.
1965 United States troops enter Vietnam.
1965 Ferdinand Marcos becomes president of the Phillipines.
continued . . .

5. 20 The New Frontier and the Great Society The United States The World
HOME 20
C H A P T E R
The New Frontier and the Great Society
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1966 Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American justice of the Supreme Court.
1967 Israel wins Arab territories in the Six Day War.
1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president.
1968 Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia.

6. Kennedy and the Cold War
S E C T I O N 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
HOME
KEY IDEA
Foreign affairs dominate the presidential campaign of 1960 and the administration of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy faces some of the most dangerous Soviet-American confrontations of the Cold War.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

7. Kennedy and the Cold War
S E C T I O N 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Kennedy administration faced some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American history.
America’s response to Soviet threats developed the United States as a military superpower.
TERMS & NAMES
• John F. Kennedy
• flexible response
• Limited Test Ban Treaty
• Fidel Castro
• hot line
• Berlin Wall
ASSESSMENT

8. Kennedy and the Cold War
S E C T I O N 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. List two outcomes for each of these events: first Kennedy-Nixon debate, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban missile crisis, and construction of the Berlin Wall.
Increased Cold War tensions
United States embarrassed
Bay of Pigs
Berlin Wall
Symbolized Communist oppression
Cuba moved closer to Soviets.
Kennedy won support.
World at brink of nuclear war
Debate
Cuban Missile Crisis
TV became important in politics.
Soviets backed down.
continued . . .

9. Kennedy and the Cold War
S E C T I O N 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. How well do you think President Kennedy handled the Cuban missile crisis? Think About:
• Kennedy’s decision to impose a naval “quarantine” of Cuba
• the nuclear showdown between the superpowers
• Kennedy’s decision not to invade Cuba
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Well-handled: The Cuban missiles were removed, nuclear war was averted, and there was no military engagement.
Not well-handled: He risked nuclear war over the crisis.
continued . . .

10. Kennedy and the Cold War
S E C T I O N 1
Kennedy and the Cold War
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. What kind of political statement was made by the United States’ support of West Berlin?
ANSWER
The United States was telling other nations, the Soviet Union especially, to keep their hands off West Berlin.
End of Section 1

11. 2 The New Frontier KEY IDEA
S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
KEY IDEA
With the stirring phrase “the New Frontier,” Kennedy outlines a broad vision for progress, but Congress enacts few of his initiatives. His efforts are ended by his tragic assassination.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

12. 2 The New Frontier OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed, several goals were achieved.
Kennedy’s space program continues to generate scientific and engineering advances that benefit Americans.
TERMS & NAMES
• Warren Commission
• New Frontier
• Alliance for Progress
• mandate
• Peace Corps
ASSESSMENT

13. S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five programs of the New Frontier.
Peace Corps
Civil rights bill
The New Frontier
Alliance for Progress
Tax cut
Moon program
continued . . .

14. S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Why do you think Congress was so enthusiastic about allocating funds for the space program but rejected spending in education, social services, and other pressing needs?
ANSWER
It was largely a matter of pride, since the Soviets had already sent a cosmonaut into space.
continued . . .

15. S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Why do you think Kennedy lost popularity for supporting civil rights?
ANSWER
Kennedy lost popularity for supporting civil rights because people in some sections of the country opposed granting civil rights to African Americans.
continued . . .

16. S E C T I O N 2
The New Frontier
GRAPH
MAP
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. Do you think President Kennedy was a successful leader? Think About:
• the reasons for his popularity
• the goals he expressed
• his foreign policy
• his legislative record
ANSWER
Successful: popular; focused on projects that Congress would support; peacefully handled the missile crisis; arranged for the test-ban treaty
Not successful: tended to react to events rather than lead; did not get his legislative program enacted before his death
End of Section 2

17. 3 The Great Society KEY IDEA
S E C T I O N 3
The Great Society
HOME
KEY IDEA
Lyndon B. Johnson drives the most ambitious legislative agenda through Congress since the New Deal. The landmark decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflect the era of liberal activism.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

18. 3 The Great Society OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 3
The Great Society
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.
Reforms made in the 1960s have had a lasting effect on the American justice system by increasing the rights of minorities.
TERMS & NAMES
• Lyndon Baines Johnson
• Medicare and Medicaid
• reapportionment
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Economic Opportunity Act
• Great Society
• Warren Court
ASSESSMENT

19. S E C T I O N 3
The Great Society
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four or more Great Society programs and Warren Court rulings.
Great Society Programs
Warren Court Rulings 1. 2. 3. 4.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Brown v. Board of Education
Economic Opportunity Act
Baker v. Carr
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Escobedo v. Illinois
Medicare and Medicaid
Miranda v. Arizona
continued . . .

20. S E C T I O N 3
The Great Society
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Explain how Lyndon Johnson’s personal and political experiences might have influenced his actions as president. Think About:
• his family’s background and education
• his relationship with Franklin Roosevelt
• his powers of persuasion
ANSWER
Johnson’s upbringing might have taught him about the hardships of those in need; as a New Dealer, he learned how the government could help people in need; in Congress, he learned the importance of political connections and clout and the skills to negotiate political deals.
End of Section 3