1. Warsaw University of Technology
Materials for SOFC
technologies
Franciszek Krok
Faculty of Physics,
Warsaw University of Technology

2. Sustainable Energy Systems
Scientific network:
Sustainable Energy Systems
Thematic subnet: Energy conversion and storage
Partners:
Warsaw University of Technology (PW), Warszawa
- Faculty of Physics (WF PW)
- Faculty of Chemistry (WCh PW)
Academy of Mining and Metallurgy (AGH), Kraków
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics (WIMiC AGH)
Technical University of Gdańsk (PG), Gdańsk
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics (FTiMS PG)
- Faculty of Chemistry (WCh PG)
Technical University of Poznań (PP), Poznań
- Faculty of Electrical Engeenering (WE PP)
Polish Academy of Science (PAN)
- Institute of Molecular Physics (IFM), Poznań
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research (INTiBS), Wrocław
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (ICHF), Warszawa

3. ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE
Thematic Subnet:
ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE
Research activity:
In general the area of interest is concentated on topics closley related to novel materials used in energy conversion and storage devices. The new ionic conductors are studied in terms of their application as potential solid electrolytes in fuel cells and lithium and lithium ion batteries. Also the mixed ionic-electronic conductors are studied as potential electrode materials in these devices
solid electrolytes: oxide ion conductors (WF PW)
lithium ion conductors (WCh PW, WCh PG, WF PW)
protonic conductors (WCh PW, WF PW, IFM PAN, INTiBS PAN)
electrode materials (WIMiC AGH, FTIMS PG, WF PW, ICHF PAN)
TYPE OF MATERIALS: crystalline, glasses, nanomaterials, polymers, gels

4. ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE
Thematic Subnet:
ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE
European Projects
CEPHOMA WF PW
SMART WF PW
GETRADEE WE PP
PROCO IFM PAN
GLASSIC FTiMS PG
SELIBAT AGH
OBAST INTiBS PAN
ALISTAR WCh PW

6. CEPHOMA: Project scope and goals
Challenges
CEPHOMA activity is concentrated on topics closely related to novel materials used in energy conversion and storage devices. Two main pillars of that activity are: photovoltaics (conversion of solar energy to electricity) and solid state ionics (conversion of chemical energy to electrical one or vice versa).
Objectivities
The main objective of the CEPHOMA Centre is to promote closer cooperation of scientists from Poland and other EU countries, active in the field of photovoltaics and physics of materials for novel energy sources.
Important aspect of the Centre activity is its networking to leading EU research institutions within European Research Area (ERA) to enable joining projects within the 6th Framework Programme of the European Union.
Very important goal of the Centre is training of PhD students and young scientists in Centre’s as well as partner’s laboratories.

7. SOFC Configuration: General requirements: Planar
Tubular (Siemens-Westinghouse)
General requirements:
Electrolyte – nonporous material, pure ionic conductivity
Electrodes – porous material, mixed ionic and electronic conductivity
Interconnector – electronic conductor

8. SOFC
Target: 1 kW/l and 1 kW/kg ASR (combined area specific resistivity) < 0.5 Ω cm Ideally 0.1 Ωcm2

9. SOFC HT SOFC (~1000oC) IT SOFC (500 – 700oC) electrolyte Zr(Y)O2 (YSZ)
cathode La(Sr)MnO3 (LSM)
anode Ni - YSZ
interconector La(Sr)CrO3   
IT SOFC (500 – 700oC)
1) Based on YSZ electrolyte:
thin layer YSZ (eg.15μm0.15 Ω cm2 at 700oC)
2) Based on alternative electrolyte materials:
a) Ce(Gd)O2 – (CGO)
(15 μm0.15 Ω cm2 at 500oC)
problems: reduction ( Ce4+Ce3+ )  electronic conductivity
matching (eg. anode Ni – CGO)
b) La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 – (LSGM)
problems: difficulties to get single phase
c) Bi2O3 based oxide ion conductors
problems: reduction at low pO2 atmosphere

10. Bi - based oxide ion conductors

11. Fluoryte type cubic structure
MO2 (eg. ZrO2)
Zr1-xCaxO2-x (□)x
Zr1-xYxO2-3/2x(□)x
Bi O1.5 □0.5

12. Mo O3 O2 O1 Bi Bi2O3 + MoO3  Bi2MoO6  (Bi2O2)2+ (MoO4)2-
Bi2O3 + V2O5  Bi2VO5.5  (Bi2O2)2+(VO3.5 0.5)2-

13. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Structural Chemistry Group, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, UK
Laboratoire de Cristallochemie et Physicochemie du Solide Ecole Nationale Superiere de Lille, France
Delft Institute for Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Institute fur Technishe Eelectrochemie und Festkorperchemie, Technische Universitat Wien, Austria
Institute fur Physicalische Chemie, Universitat Munster, Germany