1. Kant

2. Kant desire

3. Kant desire impulse

4. Kant desire impulse incentive

5. Kant desire will impulse incentive

6. Kant desire will impulse free incentive

7. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational

8. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study.

9. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study.

10. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y.

11. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y.

12. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative

13. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative If you want people to trust you, you must tell the truth.

14. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative If you want people to trust you, you must tell the truth.

15. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative If you want people to trust you, you must tell the truth. You must _____.

16. Kant desire will impulse free incentive rational If you want to do well on an exam, you must study. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative If you want people to trust you, you must tell the truth. You must _____. categorical imperative

17. The moral law must be a universal law.

18. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law.

19. The moral law must be a universal law. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law. Therefore, in order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey a universal law.

20. The moral law must be a universal law. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law. Therefore, in order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey a universal law. If an act cannot possibly obey a universal law, it cannot be permissible.

21. The moral law must be a universal law. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law. Therefore, in order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey a universal law. If an act cannot possibly obey a universal law, it cannot be permissible. Therefore, one should always act in such a way that one can conceive of one's act as obeying a universal law.

22. The moral law must be a universal law. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law. Therefore, in order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey a universal law. If an act cannot possibly obey a universal law, it cannot be permissible. Therefore, one should always act in such a way that one can conceive of one's act as obeying a universal law. Categorical Imperative, first formulation:

23. The moral law must be a universal law. In order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey the moral law. Therefore, in order for an act to be morally permissible, it must obey a universal law. If an act cannot possibly obey a universal law, it cannot be permissible. Therefore, one should always act in such a way that one can conceive of one's act as obeying a universal law. Categorical Imperative, first formulation: Act so that you could will there to be a universal law commanding everyone to act that way.

24. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't

25. The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling.

26. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie.

27. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept

28. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept: the law makes itself impossible to obey.

29. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept: the law makes itself impossible to obey. Everyone must refuse to help others in need when it would require only a small sacrifice.

30. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept: the law makes itself impossible to obey. Everyone must refuse to help others in need when it would require only a small sacrifice. My purpose in making the law: to advance my own happiness.

31. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept: the law makes itself impossible to obey. Everyone must refuse to help others in need when it would require only a small sacrifice. My purpose in making the law: to advance my own happiness. Contradiction of will

32. lying = convincing someone that you're telling the truth when you aren't The command, "Everyone must lie" abolishes truth-telling. The command, "Everyone must lie" makes it impossible to lie. Contradiction in concept: the law makes itself impossible to obey. Everyone must refuse to help others in need when it would require only a small sacrifice. My purpose in making the law: to advance my own happiness. Contradiction of will: one makes a law for a purpose, but the law makes it impossible to achieve that purpose.

33. If you want X, you must Y.

34. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative

35. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end

36. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means

37. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end

38. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____.

39. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative

40. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end.

41. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end. Only one thing chooses its own end: the rational will.

42. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end. Only one thing chooses its own end: the rational will. The rational will is an end in itself.

43. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end. Only one thing chooses its own end: the rational will. The rational will is an end in itself. Categorical Imperative, second formulation:

44. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end. Only one thing chooses its own end: the rational will. The rational will is an end in itself. Categorical Imperative, second formulation: Act so that you treat all of humanity, including yourself, as an end in itself, never as merely a means to an end.

45. If you want X, you must Y. hypothetical imperative end means Y is good only as a means to an end You must _____. categorical imperative The moral law must be good as an end in itself, not as a means to an end. Only one thing chooses its own end: the rational will. The rational will is an end in itself. Categorical Imperative, second formulation: Act so that you treat all of humanity, including yourself, as an end in itself, never as merely a means to an end.