1. The two modes of Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
In asexual reproduction, a new individual develops or grows from a single parent.
There is no fusion of cells from two different parents.

2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
In sexual reproduction, new individuals are formed by the fusion of a male reproductive cell (male gamete) and a female reproductive cell (female gamete).
This fusion is known as fertilization.

3. How about asexual reproduction?
Since there is only one parent, the new individual would be identical in characteristics to the one parent which produced it.
Can you think of advantages of sexual reproduction and advantages of asexual reproduction?

4. Detached portion of Parent
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Adult parent
Adult parent
Adult parent
Detached portion of Parent
Male gamete
Female gamete
fertilization
New Adult
zygote
New Adult

5. Reproductive vs Vegetative Structures
Plant parts : roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits.
Reproductive Structures :
flowers and fruits
Vegetative Structures:
roots, stem and leaves
Some plants can reproduce both ways – reproductively as well as vegetatively.

6. Vegetative Reproduction
Two types : Natural Vegetative Propagation and Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Natural Vegetative Propagation:
They are also flowering plants
But they can reproduce through underground storage organs e.g. rhizomes, bulbs, corms, tubers, roots
Or shoots e.g. runners, offsets, suckers
Essentially, same principle :
These organs have a store of food. Shoots grow from these organs bearing leaves and flowers. In the process, food is withdrawn from the underground storage organ which shrivels. As the leaves manufacture food, food is transported to the buds which gradually swell to become new underground stems.

7. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Rhizomes (e.g. canna, lallang, ginger)
Stem that grows horizontally above or below surface of soil

8. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Rhizomes (e.g. canna, lallang, ginger)

9. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Corms (e.g. water chestnut, cocoyam,)
Thick, short underground stem swollen with food reserves.
Protected by dry scale leaves
New corms grow on top of old corms

10. Natural Vegetative Reproduction

11. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Bulbs (e.g. onion)
Flattened, disc-like stem with closely set nodes bearing fleshy scale leaves surrounded by some dry scale leaves.
Buds are in the axils of the fleshy scale leaves.

12. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Tubers (e.g. potato)
Swollen underground stem bearing a number of scale leaves.

13. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Tubers (e.g. potato)

14. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Runners (e.g. strawberry plant)

15. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Runners (e.g. strawberry plant)

16. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Offsets (e.g. water hyacinth and water lettuce)
Like runners but shorter and thicker

17. Natural Vegetative Reproduction
Suckers (e.g. pineapple, banana, chrysanthemum)
A shoot arising either from the underground portion of the stem or from an adventitious bud on the root.

18. Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Vegetative Propagation
No need external agencies e.g. insects, wind etc
Food is usually present in the vegetative structures, a rapid development of buds into daughter plants can take place.
New plants resemble parent plant in every way.
Involves only one parent
Disadvantages
Lack of dispersal mechanism may lead to overcrowding.
New plants are less varied
New plants may be less adaptable to changes in environmental condition.