1. Chemical Names and Formulas
Chapter 9
Chemical Names and Formulas

4. Objectives for 9.1 (pgs )
By the end of this section you WILL be able to…
ID charges of monatomic ions by using PT
Name ions
Define polyatomic ion and write names and formulas of most common ones
ID two common endings for the names of most polyatomic ions

5. Naming Ions Monatomic -Ions formed from a single atom
-Charge determined by number of valence electrons
NOTHING NEW!
Cations
-Positively charged
-Form when elements LOSE electrons
-Usually what type of elements?

6. Naming Cations
-The name of the element followed by the word ion.
-For example:
Na+ is sodium ion, Mg2+ is Magnesium Ion
Anions
-Negatively charged
-Form when elements GAIN electrons
-Usually form from what type of elements?

7. Naming Anions
-Named for the element but have the suffix –ide
For Example:
Cl- is chloride N3- is nitride

8. Ions of Transition Metals (p. 255)
Since “s” and “d” valence electrons are available, transition metals may form cations with different charges (E.g. Fe2+ and Fe3+)
Stock System of naming uses a Roman numeral to designate the charge on the ion
-For Example:
iron (II) and iron (III) – preferred over Classical naming system
If the transition metal only forms one ion you do not have to use the stock system

9. Polyatomic Ions
Ions that are made up of two or more covalently bonded atoms yet still have a net charge
They behave like ions when bonding because of excess electrons, or excess protons
To form some of these ions, BOTH electrons to be shared come from one atom
What type of bond is this?
-Coordinate Covalent

10. Oxyanions Most of the common polyatomic ions are oxyanions
What do you think oxyanion means?
-These anions contain different numbers of oxygen atoms
We will use the suffixes –ite and –ate to show how many oxygen are on each

11. -ate indicates the ion with more oxygen atoms
-ite indicates the ion with less oxygen atoms
BFAt corner will help us identify how many oxygen
If central atom is in the BFAt corner 3 oxygen atoms makes it an –ate 2 oxygen atoms is an –ite
If central atom is out of the BFAt corner 4 oxygen atoms makes it an –ate and 3 oxygen atoms is an - ite

12. Practice naming these…
SO42-, SO32-, NO2-, NO3-, F-, ClO2-, ClO3-
Respectively, they are sulfate, sulfite, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chlorite, and chlorate
You will need to memorize the charges!

13. Sometimes hydrogen appears at the beginning of an oxyanion
This just changes the name to
hydrogen ___ ate (or ite)
For Example:
HSO3 -2 is called hydrogen sulfite
HSO4-2 is called________________

14. Prefixes The prefix hypo- means less (think hypothermia)
This means there is one less oxygen than the oxyanion with the –ite ending.
For example:
ClO- is called hypochlorite
SO2-2 would be called_________________

15. The prefix per- indicates that there is one MORE oxygen than the oxyanion with the –ate ending.
For Example:
ClO4- is called perchlorate
PO53- is called _______________

16. Time to do work! Make flashcards for your polyatomic ions
Memorize their charges
Use the BFAt corner to determine if they are –ite or -ate
End of section 9.1 What are your questions?

17. 9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas
Goals for this section…You will be able to…
Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for binary ionic compounds
Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for compounds with polyatomic Ions
9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas

18. 9.2 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Binary Compound
-Compounds composed of two different types of elements
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Write the name of the cation
Write the name of the anion
For metals with more than one oxidation state, use the STOCK SYSTEM!
For example: Iron (III) Chloride = FeCl3

19. Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
Ion Charge Method uses charges of ions to determine quantity of each ion in a compound
The net charges of a compound = 0
Steps to writing balanced Formulas
Write the symbol and charge for each ion present. Write the cation first then the anion.
Examples:
Na+ Cl or Ca2+ Cl-

20. Adjust subscripts by using the cross-over method. Examples:
Na Cl or Ca Cl-
NaCl CaCl2
Reduce if necessary. Subscripts should be in simplest whole number ratio. 1 1 1 2

21. The cross-over method also works for polyatomic ions
The cross-over method also works for polyatomic ions. However, you must place parentheses around the entire ion to signify more than one.
Try these:
Lead (II) Sulfate
Barium Chloride
Iron (II) acetate
Ammonium Carbonate
Tin (IV) chromate

22. PbSO4
BaCl2
Fe(C2H3O2)2
(NH4)2CO3
Sn2(CrO4)4 = Sn(CrO4)2 (lowest whole # ratio)

23. Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Write the symbol of the cation followed by the formula for the anion
Cross over to balance charges
Place parentheses around the polyatomic ion if there is more than one

24. Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Memorize formula and charges of polyatomic ions (quiz is coming up)
Name the cation (don’t forget about the stock system if needed)
Name the anion
Examples:
A. Ca(OH)2
a. Calcium hydroxide
B. FeSO4
b. Iron (II) sulfate

25. The reward of a thing well done is to have done it -Emerson
9.3 Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds
Interpret the prefixes in the names of molecular compounds in terms of their chemical formulas
Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for binary molecular compounds

26. Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Name the first element in the formula
Use the appropriate prefix to show how many of that atom are present (see page 269)
Name the second element
Use the appropriate prefix to show how many of that atom are present
Add the suffix –ide to show that it is a binary compound

28. Try these…
N2O
CCl4 CO
Dinitrogen monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide

29. Writing Formulas for Binary Molecular Compounds
Use prefixes to tell you how many of each atom are present in the compound
Dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O4
Iodine heptafluoride
IF7

30. 9.4 Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases
“If I set for myself a task, be it so trifling, I shall see it through. How else shall I have confidence in myself to do important things?”
-George Clason
Goals:
Apply the rules for naming acids
Apply the rules in reverse to write acids
Apply the rules for naming bases

31. Acids and Bases Naming and Formula Writing
-a substance that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
-The general form is HnX
- The name is dependent upon the name of the anion

32. Rules!
Rule 1 – if the anion ends in “-ide”, the acid name begins with “hydro” and ends with “-ic” (binary acid)
(E.g. HCl = hydro-chlor-ic acid)
Rule 2 – if the anion ends in “-ite”, the acid name ends with “-ous” (oxyacid). (no hydro)
(E.g. H2SO3 = sulfur-ous acid)

33. Rule 3 - if the anion starts with “hypo” and ends with “-ite”, the acid name starts with “hypo” and ends with “-ous” (E.g. HClO = hypo-chlor-ous acid)
Rule 4 – if the anion ends in “-ate”, the acid name ends with “-ic” (E.g. HNO3 = nitr-ic acid)
Rule 5 - if the anion starts with “per” and ends with “- ate”, the acid name starts with “per” and ends with “- ic” (E.g. HClO4 = per-chlor-ic acid)
I ate so much I felt icky

34. Naming Acids
Use the same steps we did when writing formulas only backwards You should know your polyatomic Ions by now (they’re not going away)

35. Naming Bases
Bases
an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
Naming Bases
-Name bases as you would any other ionic compound

36. Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions
The Law of Definite Proportions - elements combine in a definite mass ratio regardless of the size of the sample produced (e.g. water is always 89% oxygen and 11% hydrogen by mass)
The Law of Multiple Proportions – whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers
Examples: H2O and H2O2 CO and CO2 N2O and N2O4

37. Classical Naming System
Classical System of naming using the Latin name of the element and the suffix “-ous” to show the lower of two oxidation states (E.g. ferrous)
The suffix “-ic” is used to show the higher of two oxidation states in the Classical System (E.g. ferric)