2. Compounds containing Water molecules
Hydrates
Compounds containing Water molecules
MgSO4 7H2O Magnesium Sulfate heptahydrate
CaSO4 2H2O Calcium Sulfate dihydrate
Ba(OH)2 8H2O Barium Hydroxide octahydrate
CuSO4 5H2O Copper II Sulfate pentahydrate
Na2CO H2O Sodium Carbonate decahydrate

3. Examples of Names and Formulas of Oxoanions and Their Compounds - I
KNO Potassium Nitrite BaSO3 Barium Sulfite
Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium Nitrate Na2SO4 Sodium Sulfate
LiClO4 Lithium Perchlorate Ca(BrO)2 Calcium Hypobromite
NaClO3 Sodium Chlorate Al(IO2) Aluminum Iodite
RbClO2 Rubidium Chlorite KBrO3 Potassium Bromate
CsClO Cesium Hypochlotite LiIO4 Lithium Periodate

4. Examples of Names and Formulas of Oxoanions and their Compounds - II
Calcium Nitrate Ammonium Sulfite
Strontium Sulfate Lithium Nitrite
Potassium Hypochlorite Lithium Perbromate
Rubidium Chlorate Calcium Iodite
Ammonium Chlorite Boron Bromate
Sodium Perchlorate Magnesium Hypoiodite

5. Examples of Names and Formulas of Oxoanions and their Compounds - II
Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3) Ammonium Sulfite (NH4)2SO3
Strontium Sulfate SrSO Lithium Nitrite LiNO2
Potassium Hypochlorite KClO Lithium Perbromate LiBrO4
Rubidium Chlorate RbClO Calcium Iodite Ca(IO2)2
Ammonium Chlorite NH4ClO Boron Bromate B(BrO3)3
Sodium Perchlorate NaClO Magnesium Hypoiodite Mg(IO)2

6. Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a) BaCl2
5 H2O
b) Magnesium Perchlorate
c) (NH4)2SO3
d) Calcium Nitrate

7. Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a) BaCl2
Ba+2 is the cation Barium, Cl- is the Chloride
anion. There are five water molecules therefore
the name is: Barium Chloride Pentahydrate
5 H2O
b) Magnesium Perchlorate Magnesium is the Mg+2 cation, and
perchlorate is the ClO4- anion, therefore we need
two perchlorate anions for each Mg cation
therefore the formula is: Mg( ClO4)2
c) (NH4)2SO NH4+ is the ammonium ion, and SO3-2 is the
sulfite anion, therefore the name is:
Ammonium Sulfite
d) Calcium Nitrate Calcium is the Ca+2 cation, and nitrate is the
NO3- anion, therefore the formula is:
Ca(NO3)2

8. Naming Acids
1) Binary acids solutions form when certain gaseous compounds
dissolve in water. For example, when gaseous hydrogen chloride
(HCl) dissolves in water, it forms a solution called hydrochloric acid.
Prefix hydro- + anion nonmetal root + suffix -ic + the word acid
hydrochloric acid
2) Oxoacid names are similar to those of the oxoanions,
except for two suffix changes:
Anion “-ate” suffix becomes an “-ic” suffix in the acid. Anion “-ite”
suffix becomes an “-ous” suffix in the acid.
The oxoanion prefixes “hypo-” and “per-” are retained. Thus, BrO4-
is perbromate, and HBrO4 is perbromic acid; IO2- is iodite, and
HIO2 is iodous acid.

9. Determining Names and Formulas of Anions and Acids
Problem: Name the following anions and give the names and
formulas of the acid solutions derived from them:
a) I b) BrO c) SO d) NO e) CN -
Solution:
a) I -
b) BrO3-
c) SO3-2
d) NO3-
e) CN -

10. Determining Names and Formulas of Anions and Acids
Problem: Name the following anions and give the names and
formulas of the acid solutions derived from them:
a) I b) BrO c) SO d) NO e) CN -
Solution:
a) The anion is Iodide; and the acid is Hydroiodic acid, HI
b) The anion is Bromate; and the acid is Bromic acid, HBrO3
c) The anion is Sulfite; and the acid is Sulfurous acid, H2SO3
d) The anion is Nitrate; and the acid is Nitric acid, HNO3
e) The anion is Cyanide; and the acid is Hydrocyanic acid, HCN

11. Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent Compounds
1) The element with the lower group number in the periodic table is
the first word in the name; the element with the higher group number
is the second word. (Important exception: When the compound
contains oxygen and a halogen, the halogen is named first.)
2) If both elements are in the same group, the one with the higher
period number is named first.
3) The second element is named with its root and the suffix “-ide.”
4) Covalent compounds have Greek numerical prefixes (table 2.6) to
indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. The
first word has a prefix only when more than one atom of the element
is present; the second word always has a numerical prefix.

12. Determining Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent Compounds
Problem:
What are the name or chemical formulas of the following
chemical compounds:
a) Carbon dioxide b) PCl3 c) Give the name and chemical formula
of the compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms.
Solution:
a) Carbon dioxide
b) PCl3
c) The compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms

13. Determining Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent Compounds
Problem:
What are the name or Chemical formulas of the following
Chemical compounds:
a) Carbon dioxide b) PCl3 c) Give the name and chemical formula
of the compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms.
Solution:
a) The prefix “di-” means “two.” The formula is CO2
b) P is the symbol for phosphorous; there are three chlorine atoms
which require the prefix “tri-.” The name of the compound is:
phosphorous trichloride
c) P comes first in the name (lower group number). The compound is
diphosphorous pentaoxide
( commonly called “phosphorous pentaoxide”)

14. Naming Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that are called “saturated” hydrocarbons,
they contain only single bonds, no multiple bonds !
Alkanes have the general formula C n H 2n+2
Each carbon atom has four bonds to others atoms !
The names for alkanes all end in -ane
Alkanes are found in three distinct groups:
a) Straight chain hydrocarbons
b) Branched chain hydrocarbons
c) Cyclic hydrocarbons

16. Calculate the Molecular Mass of Glucose: C6H12O6
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

17. Calculate the Molecular Mass of Glucose: C6H12O6
Carbon x g/mol = amu
Hydrogen 12 x g/mol = amu
Oxygen x g/mol = amu
amu

18. Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound
Problem: Using the data in the periodic table, calculate the molecular
mass of the following compounds:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide b) Ammonium sulfate
Plan: We first write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms
(or ions) of each element by its atomic mass, and find the sum.
Solution:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide
b) Ammonium sulfate

19. Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound
Problem: Using the data in the periodic table, calculate the molecular
mass of the following compounds:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide b) Ammonium sulfate
Plan: We first write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms
(or ions) of each element by its atomic mass, and find the sum.
Solution:
a) The formula is P4O10.
Molecular mass = (4 x atomic mass of P ) +(10 x atomic mass of O )
= ( 4 x amu) + ( 10 x amu)
= = amu
b) The formula is (NH4)2SO4
Molecular mass = ( 2 x atomic mass of N ) + ( 8 x atomic mass of H)
+ ( 1 x atomic mass of S ) + ( 4 x atomic mass of O)
= ( 2 x amu) + ( 8 x amu) +
( 1 x amu) + ( 4 x amu)
= amu = amu

20. (Figs. on p. 75)

21. Figs. on p. 75

22. (Figs. on p. 75)

23. Figs. on p. 75

24. Fig.2.25

25. Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures : has one or more visible
boundaries between the components.
Homogeneous mixtures : has no visible boundaries
because the components are mixed as individual atoms,
ions, and molecules.
Solutions : A homogeneous mixture is also called a solution.
Solutions in water are called aqueous solutions, and are
very important in chemistry. Although we normally think
of solutions as liquids, they can exist in all three physical
states.

26. Separating Mixtures
Filtration : Separates components of a mixture based upon
differences in particle size. Normally separating a
precipitate from a solution, or particles from an
air stream.
Crystallization : Separation is based upon differences in
solubility of components in a mixture.
Distillation : separation is based upon differences in volatility.
Extraction : Separation is based upon differences in
solubility in different solvents (major material).
Chromatography : Separation is based upon differences
in solubility in a solvent versus a stationary phase.

27. Fig 2D (P 77) Filtration

28. Fig 2E (P 77)
Crystallization

29. Fig.2.F

30. Fig.2.G

31. Fig.2.H

32. Fig.2.I

33. Fig.2.26