1.  Aaron Warning and Megan Anderson

2. Use dates back to the stone age Popular: easy access and few documented negative side effects Effects: ↑ heart rate, ↑ respiration rate, psychotropic effects http://blog.timesunion.com/healthyprofessor/is-more-coffee-in-your-genes/1814/ Nehlig, Astrid; Daval, JL.; Debry, G. Effects of Coffee on the Central Nervous System. Brain Res Rev. 1992, Volume 17, 139-170.

3. ChemDraw (convert name to structure)

4.  Caffeine stimulates the nervous system  It binds to adenosine receptors on neurons in the brain  Adenosine receptors: normally causes you to feel tired and slows down the nervous system  If caffeine binds to them = opposite effect Fisone, G; Borgkvist, A; Usiello, A. Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. CMLS 2003, Volume 61, 857-867

5.  No RDA for caffeine  UL is 300-400 mg/day  No Adequate Intake established  Negative side effects: heart rate, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting  Lethal dose is 10g http://johngushue.typepad.com/blog/coffee/ Lindskog, M; Svenningsson, P; Pazzi, L; Kim, Y; Fienberg, A; Bibb, J; Fredholm, B; Nairn, A; Greengard, P; Fisone, G. Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine. Nature 2002, Volume 418, 774-778.

6. Spectral Database for Organic Copounds SBDS. http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi- bin/direct_frame_disp.cgi?sdbsno=1898 (accessed March 5, 2014).

7. WinChembase. http://www.chemicalbook.com/SpectrumEN_58-08-2_13CNMR.htm (accessed March 5, 2014)

8. Solvent: water Caffeine: max wavelength: 272nm http://www.onsalesupplements.com/product/59-caffeine-powder Spectral Database for Organic Copounds SBDS. http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi- bin/direct_frame_disp.cgi?sdbsno=1898 (accessed March 5, 2014).

9. 1 2 3 Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SBDS. http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi- bin/direct_frame_disp.cgi?sdbsno=1898 (accessed March 5, 2014). 1 1 2 2 3

10.  Biosynthesis v. Synthetic Synthesis  Synthetic more in energy drinks  Synthetic is cheaper and faster  Natural: found more in tea and coffee  Natural is buffered with over 500 plant molecules o Slower acting o More expensive http://www.mohrresults.com/mohr-results-weight-loss-2/the-worst-energy-drinks/ http://www.salisburyarea.com/TheChamberVoice/TabId/179/ArtMID/603/ArticleID/183/C offee-with-your-Council.aspx Ashihara, Hiroshi; Purine metabolism and the biosynthesis of caffeine in mate leaves. Phytochemistry 1993, Volume 33, 1427-1430.

11. Ashihara, Hiroshi; Montiero, Ana Maria; Gillies, Fiona M; Crozier, Alan; Biosynthesis of Caffeine in Leaves of Coffee. Plant Physiol. 1996, 111, 747-753. ​

12. N-methyl nucleosidase (catalyst) Xanthosine

13. SAM SAH

14. Why is caffeine produced in plants? -Caffeine is a naturally occurring pesticide http://whyfiles.org/2011/coffee-drink-of-the-gods/ Looser, Elizabeth; Baumann, T.W; Wanner, H; The biosynthesis of caffeine in the coffee plant. Phytochemistry 1974, Volume 13, 2515-2518.

15.  Continued abuse  Potential use in fighting cancer  Market will shift toward synthetic caffeine