1. The Science of Biology
Chapter 1

2. I. Introductory Terms
Science: An organized way of using evidence, based on observations, to learn about the natural world.
Observations: Information gathered using the senses.
1.Quantitative- involves numbers or measurements
2. Qualitative-involves characteristics or descriptions not easily measured or counted.

3. C. Biology: The study of life (living things)
D. Organism: a complete individual living thing
1.Examples: spider, tree, etc.

4. II. Characteristics of living things
Living things are Made
up of units called cells
Cell = basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Multicellular = many cells
Unicellular = 1 cell (like bacteria)

5. Living things Reproduce
Asexual – 1 parent, no joining of sex cells or DNA
Sexual – usually 2 parents, sex cells joined and DNA combined

6. Living things Grow & develop
Cell division
Cell enlargement
Cell specialization
Living things Respond to stimuli

7. E.Living things Use energy
Autotroph: make own food (plants)
Heterotroph: eat something
Metabolism: chemical reactions that build up or break down materials

8. Living things Maintain homeostasis
Regulation of an organism’s internal environment
Optimizes conditions for metabolism

9. Living things display organization
Cell structures, cells, tissues, and organs work together to support the organism

10. Levels of Organization
Cellular Organization
cells
organelles
molecules
atoms
The cell is the
basic unit of life.

11. Levels of Organization
Organismal Level
organism
organ systems
organs
tissues

12. Levels of Organization
Population Level
ecosystem
community
species
population

13. Living things evolve over time
Adaptation: an inherited characteristic that results from changes to a species over time, usually something that helps them survive

14. Mule: Living or not??

15. III. The Scientific Method - logical and organized methods of scientific study. SCHyTCo!!

16. State the problem
The problem must specify how the results can be measured
Format: What effect does the Independent (manipulated) Variable have on Dependant (responding) Variable?
IV: The variable being tested
DV: results of experiment, what you will be measuring.

17. Good or bad example?
How does drinking pop affect concentration?
Better --> How does drinking mountain dew affect concentration in class?
Best --> How does drinking 1 can of mountain dew affect performance on a memory test?

18. Collect Background Info – research your problem.
What things would you research for the mountain dew example?
Ex. Amount of caffeine, how caffeine works, how memory works, etc.

19. Hypothesis = possible solution to problem; an educated guess based on background information
Ex: scores on memory tests will be lower after drinking mountain dew

20. Test the hypothesis (experiment)
Controlled experiment – all conditions the same except one variable
Experimental group – group exposed to the variable
Control group – not exposed to the variable, used as a comparison
Number of trials: how many times the experiment is repeated

22. Conclusions
Data – scientific facts collected during experiment
Tables, graphs, charts
Statistics – math that evaluates data
Ex. Average growth rate of frogs during development

23. Definitions
Theory
an explanation of how a specific natural phenomenon occurs
tested with repeated experiments and observations and found always to work

24. Law: a rule that describes, but doesn’t explain, a pattern in nature and predicts what will happen under specific conditions

25. Charles Darwin
Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America.
Used many observations to develop his ideas
Proposed that evolution occurs by
natural selection

26. Darwin’s Evidence Similarity of related species
- Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations

27. Darwin’s Evidence - Darwin realized that not all members of a
population survive and reproduce.
natural selection: individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce
evolution: modification of a species over generations

28. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence
Fossil record
Mechanisms of heredity
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence