1. Symmetry and Transformations
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Symmetry and Transformations
Transformations

2. Lines of Symmetry
If a line can be drawn through a figure so the one side of the figure is a reflection of the other side, the line is called a “line of symmetry.”
Some figures have 1 or more lines of symmetry.
Some have no lines of symmetry.
Four lines of symmetry
One line of symmetry
Two lines of symmetry
Infinite lines of symmetry
No lines of symmetry
Transformations

3. Point of Symmetry
A figure with point of symmetry can be turned about a center point less than 360° and coincide with the original figure. For example:
For each figure, state the angle that the figure can be turned and coincide with the original figure.
Transformations

4. Be careful!!
Transformations

5. Types of Transformations
Reflections: These are like mirror images as seen across a line or a point.
Translations ( or slides): This moves the figure to a new location with no change to the looks of the figure.
Rotations: This turns the figure clockwise or counter-clockwise but doesn’t change the figure.
Dilations: This reduces or enlarges the figure to a similar figure.
Transformations

6. Reflections
You can reflect a figure using a line or a point. All measures (lines and angles) are preserved but in a mirror image.
Example:
The figure is reflected across line l . l
You could fold the picture along line l and the left figure would coincide with the corresponding parts of right figure.
Transformations

7. Reflections – continued…
Reflection across the x-axis: the x values stay the same and the y values change sign (x , y)  (x, -y)
Reflection across the y-axis: the y values stay the same and the x values change sign (x , y)  (-x, y)
Example:
In this figure, line l : n l
reflects across the y axis to line n
(2, 1)  (-2, 1) & (5, 4)  (-5, 4)
reflects across the x axis to line m.
(2, 1)  (2, -1) & (5, 4)  (5, -4) m
Transformations

8. Reflections across specific lines:
To reflect a figure across the line y = a or x = a, mark the corresponding points equidistant from the line. i.e. If a point is 2 units above the line its corresponding image point must be 2 points below the line.
Example:
Reflect the fig. across the line y = 1.
(2, 3)  (2, -1).
(-3, 6)  (-3, -4)
(-6, 2)  (-6, 0)
Transformations

9. Translations (slides)
If a figure is simply moved to another location without change to its shape or direction, it is called a translation (or slide).
If a point is moved “a” units to the right and “b” units up, then the translated point will be at (x + a, y + b).
If a point is moved “a” units to the left and “b” units down, then the translated point will be at (x - a, y - b).
Example: A
Image A translates to image B by moving to the right 3 units and down 8 units. B
A (2, 5)  B (2+3, 5-8)  B (5, -3)
Transformations

10. Composite Reflections
If an image is reflected over a line and then that image is reflected over a parallel line (called a composite reflection), it results in a translation.
Example: C B A
Image A reflects to image B, which then reflects to image C. Image C is a translation of image A
Transformations

11. Rotations An image can be rotated about a fixed point.
The blades of a fan rotate about a fixed point.
An image can be rotated over two intersecting lines by using composite reflections.
Image A reflects over line m to B, image B reflects over line n to C. Image C is a rotation of image A. A B C m n
Transformations

12. Rotation is simply turning about a fixed point.
For our purposes, the fixed point will be the origin
Rotate
90 counterclockwise
about the origin
Rotate
180
about the origin
Rotate 90clockwise about the origin

13. CLOCKWISE
is like a right turn.

14. Hands in the air on the wheel.
Left hand is x
Right hand is y

15. Which hand is at 12 o’clock first?
Make a clockwise turn.
Which hand is at 12 o’clock first? X

16. Rotate 90 degrees clockwise.
Change the sign of x
&
switch the order of x and y.

17. Example: Rotate 90 degrees clockwise.

18. Rotate 90° clockwise

19. Rotate 90° clockwise

20. COUNTERCLOCKWISE
is like a left turn.

21. Hands in the air on the wheel.
Left hand is x
Right hand is y

22. Make a counterclockwise turn.
Which hand is at 12 o’clock first? Y

23. Rotate 90 degrees counterclockwise.
Change the sign of y
&
Switch the order of x and y

24. Example: Rotate 90 degrees counterclockwise.

25. Rotate 90° counterclockwise

26. Rotate 90° counterclockwise

27. Rotating 180 degrees changes the sign of the x and the sign of the y
Rotating 180 degrees changes the sign of the x and the sign of the y. (or rotate 90° twice) (for 270° rotate 90° 3x)

28. Rotate 180 degrees.
Keep the order
&
change the sign of both x & y.

29. Example: Rotate 180 degrees.

30. Rotate 180°

31. Rotate 180°

32. Angles of rotation
In a given rotation, where A is the figure and B is the resulting figure after rotation, and X is the center of the rotation, the measure of the angle of rotation AXB is twice the measure of the angle formed by the intersecting lines of reflection.
Example: Given segment AB to be rotated over lines l and m, which intersect to form a 35° angle. Find the rotation image segment KR. A B
35 °
Transformations

33. Angles of Rotation . .
Since the angle formed by the lines is 35°, the angle of rotation is 70°.
1. Draw AXK so that its measure is 70° and AX = XK.
2. Draw BXR to measure 70° and BX = XR.
3. Connect K to R to form the rotation image of segment AB. A B
35 ° X K R
Transformations

34. Dilations
A dilation is a transformation which changes the size of a figure but not its shape. This is called a similarity transformation.
Since a dilation changes figures proportionately, it has a scale factor k.
If the absolute value of k is greater than 1, the dilation is an enlargement.
If the absolute value of k is between 0 and 1, the dilation is a reduction.
If the absolute value of k is equal to 0, the dilation is congruence transformation. (No size change occurs.)
Transformations

35. Dilations – continued…
In the figure, the center is C. The distance from C to E is three times the distance from C to A. The distance from C to F is three times the distance from C to B. This shows a transformation of segment AB with center C and a scale factor of 3 to the enlarged segment EF.
In this figure, the distance from C to R is ½ the distance from C to A. The distance from C to W is ½ the distance from C to B. This is a transformation of segment AB with center C and a scale factor of ½ to the reduced segment RW. C E A F B C R A B W
Transformations

36. Dilations – examples…
Find the measure of the dilation image of segment AB, 6 units long, with a scale factor of
S.F. = -4: the dilation image will be an enlargment since the absolute value of the scale factor is greater than 1. The image will be 24 units long.
S.F. = 2/3: since the scale factor is between 0 and 1, the image will be a reduction. The image will be 2/3 times 6 or 4 units long.
S.F. = 1: since the scale factor is 1, this will be a congruence transformation. The image will be the same length as the original segment, 1 unit long.
Transformations