1. PARACHUTES By: Claire/ Lisa Nixon

2. Introduction  Who were some of the first inventors?  Why are parachutes designed the way they are?  What can parachutes be used for today?  How reliable are parachutes?

3. The First Sketch  The first sketch of a parachute was found in a notebook of Leonardo da Vinci.  Leonardo’s design was a pyramid of sealed linen cloth, held open with wooden poles.  This design lacked a harness.  Leonardo, was not able to test this parachute, because his concept was so advanced for the time he was living in.

4. Leonardo da Vinci  Born on April 15 th, 1452 in Tuscan, Italy.  Scientist, inventor, and artist.  Leonardo is most famously known for the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper.  Died in France on May 2, 1519.

5. Adrian Nicholas  Born on March 4 th, 1962,and died on September 17 th, 2005.  Was able to prove that Leonardo’s sketch of a parachute could work.  Held a world record for longest sky dive, and furthest human flight.  He jumped out at 35, 850 feet, covering 10 miles.  Died due to parachute complications in Holland.

6.  Adrian Nicholas tested Leonardo’s sketch over Mpumalanga province of South Africa.  The parachute weighed 187 pounds  He descended 7,000 feet with Leonardo’s design and then cut himself free.  Nicholas then descended the remaining 3,000 feet with a modern parachute, to ensure that he was not crushed with Leonardo’s design.  Quote by Nicholas:"It took one of the greatest minds who ever lived to design it, but it took 500 years to find a man with a brain small enough to actually go and fly it.” Testing Leonardo’s Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQmiT1R53Cw

7. Louis-Sebastien Lenormand  Born in France on May 25,1757.  Louis was a French inventor, and physicist.  He was believed to be the first man to use a parachute.  Louis-Sebastien’s parachutes were intended for short falls.  His first was a jump was from a tree.  His second jump, was from the tower of the Montpellier observatory, in France.  The parachute he used was fourteen feet long.  He thought that parachutes could be used by people who were trapped in burning buildings.

8. Louis-Sebastien Lenormand Cont.

9. André-Jacques Garnerin  Born in Paris, on January 31,1769.  Appointed official aeronaut of France.  The first man to ascend from a parachute at a high altitude.  Garnerin ascended in a basket using a parachute, and hot air balloon. He was accompanied by, Citoyenne Henri.  The flight took place 3,200 feet above Parc Monceau, Paris.  The parachute that he used, was made of silk.  Citoyenne Henri, was considered the first woman to parachute in a basket.

10. André-Jacques Garnerin Cont.

12. Jean-Pierre Blanchard  Born on July 4,1753 in Les Andelys, France.  The first man to jump from a hot air balloon, using only a parachute.  He was the first person to make balloon flights over North America, Germany, Belgium, and Poland.  Jean-Pierre was also the first man to cross the English Channel in a got air balloon.  He is given credit, as being the first to deliver air mail. Jean-Pierre, carried a letter for President George Washington, from Pennsylvania to New Jersey.  In February 1808, while in flight he suffered a heart attack. He fell more than 50 feet. Jean-Pierre could not recover from his fall and died on March 7, 1809.

13. Jean-Pierre Blanchard Cont.

14. Dome Parachute Design  Also called a jellyfish chute.  This round design is used to make parachutes more stable.  Dome parachutes can either be steerable or non-steerable.  Used in medical missions.  Military operations.  Parasailing.

15. Dome parachutes

16. Square Parachute Design  Also called ram-air canopies.  Used mainly by skydivers as a sport.  More widely used compared to a dome parachute.

17. Square Parachutes

18. Parachute Uses  Sports  NASA  Military missions  Skydiving

19. Sports  Speed skydiving.  Formation skydiving.  Canopy formation.  Jumping from space.  Drag racing.

20. Space Jump  Felix Baumgartner  43 years old  Grew up in Salzburg, Austria  24 miles  4 minutes  834 mph  First person to break the speed of sound  Sponsored by Redbull  Quote by Felix:“I know the whole world is watching, and I wish the whole world could see what I see. Sometimes you have to go up really high to understand how small you really are.” http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly- news/49409914#49409914

21. Reliability  Not all parachutes are 100% reliable.  Malfunctions usually happen because a parachute was not packed properly, or the timing that the parachute is deployed is not exact.  Parachutes must be packaged by certified parachute riggers every 180 days.  Altimeters must be worn to show altitude.  According to USPA, the U.S. was reported to have 19 skydiving fatalities, and 3.1 million people were estimated for jumps in 2012.

22. Skydive Newport  Started offering jumps to the public in 1999.  $210 for students  $220 for general tickets  For video and pictures, it will cost $95 more.  They are open April 1 st to mid October.  Fall at speeds of 120 mph  401-845-0393 www.skydivenewport.com

24. Picture References  "82nd Airborne Division." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 May 2014. Web. 06 Apr. 2014.  Kautter, David J., and Andrew R. Zank. "Kogod Now » Golden Parachutes & Congress."Kogod Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014.  "Leonardo Da Vinci Flying Machine!- The Flight of Genius!" Leonardo Da Vinci Flying Machine! The Flight of Genius! N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2014.  "Legends of the Months." HeadStuff. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.  "News." Top Skydiver Died after Safety Chute Thought He Was in Freefall. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.  "Dr. Caligari's Cabinet." : Don't You People Ever Wanna Go to Bed? N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.  "Goa Archives - Treklocations." Treklocations. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2014.  "How Products Are Made." How Parachute Is Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2014.  "Felix Baumgartner Flies in His Zenith Stratos Watch." The Jewellery Editor. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.

25. References  "Parachute." Leonardo Da Vinci -. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014.  "Adrian Nicholas Proves Da Vinci Chute Works." : Skydiving Articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.  BBC News. BBC, 27 June 2000. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.  Hartley-Brewer, Julia. "Skydiver Proves Da Vinci Chute Works." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 27 June 2000. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.  "Leonardo Da Vinci First Parachute." YouTube. YouTube, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.  "Lenormand Invents "Le Parachute"" Popular Mechanics. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.  “Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2014  "Types Of Parachute." Types Of Parachute. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2014.  "Fearless Felix Jumps from Edge of Space." NBCNews.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.