1. Volcanoes By: Kylie Edens and Jordyn Friel

2. What are shield volcanoes? Shield volcanoes look like dome-shaped mountains. The mountain is formed when lava spills out and gradually creates a dome-shaped mountains. Shield volcanoes are 9,000 meters tall.

3. What is a cinder cone volcano? Cinder cone volcanoes look like dome-shaped mountains. A material called tephra erupts and forms a dome- shaped mountains. Cinder cones 100 to 400 meters tall.

4. What are composite volcanoes? Composite or strato volcanoes have both tephra and lava material erupt it. The materials layer themselves and form a huge dome-shaped mountain. Composite volcanoes are 100 to 3500 meters tall.

5. How are volcanoes classified, shaped, and different from each other? Volcanoes are classified by there type, structure, composition, and the kind of eruption produce. They get their shape because explosions change them, and lava hardens when it cools and becomes part of the earth. Shield, cinder cone, and composite or strato volcanoes are different in shape, size, the explosions they have, and what comes out of them after they erupt.

6. Why volcanoes occur Volcanoes occur when the Earths plates pull apart causing magma to rise to the surface. Volcanoes can also occur over hotspots and where one plate dives beneath another, this is called subduction.

7. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics is the study of how the Earth’s plates are driven and shaped by geological forces that keep them in constant motion. The movements of lead to the tectonic plates classifications of tectonic plate boundaries, divergent, convergent, and transform.

8. How the Earth’s plates move The Earth’s plates are powered by convection currents in the mantle. Plates on the Earth’s surface move because of intense heat in the Earth’s core that causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move. It moves in a pattern called a convection cell.

9. What is the place called that most of the world’s volcanoes happen? There is a region in the Pacific Ocean that is called the Ring of Fire. It has 452 volcanoes and it is home to75% of the world’s dormant and active volcanoes. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a roughly horseshoe shaped ring encircling the Pacific Basin.

10. Where to volcanoes usually happen and what are hot spots? Volcanoes usually happen on plate boundaries. Some hotspots are the Hawaiian island, California, mount St. Helens, and Krakatoa island. Hot spots are volcanic regions where many volcanoes occur. Krakatoa Islands

11. Volcanic Hazards Volcanic gasses Climate change Air pollution So2 aerosols Lahars Landslides Pyroclastic flows Lava flows Tephra Acid rain Ash Mud flows Lava dome collapses

12. Being prepared for a volcanic eruption (Tips) Be informed about eruptions. You can take volcanic emergency workshops. Also, you can watch videos and shows on what to do.

13. What to do during and after an eruption During an eruption, if your caught indoors, close all windows, doors, and vents if open. Also be sure all machinery are in sheds. Lastly, make sure all animals are indoors or in barns. And also shelter immediately! After an eruption you should follow health and safety guidelines when returning home.

14. What you might have an emergency kit First aid booklet Bandages Bandage scissors Instant ice packs Latex gloves Gauze pads Triple antibiotics Eye pads/eye wash Antiseptic wipes Tweezers Tongue depressors Tape Tissue packs Burn-free dressings Thermometer

15. What is a historical volcano? Mount Vesuvius is not currently erupting and is better known for view on the beautiful Bay of Naples. If it were to erupt today, it would the city of Naples. Mount Vesuvius lies at the plate boundary of the African and Eurasian plate.

16. What is mount Vesuvius known for? Mount Vesuvius is known for its explosive eruptions. It is also known for its terribly destructive eruption which nearly wiped out the town of Pompeii and Herculaneum in August AD79.

17. Mount Etna Mount Etna is located in Sicily, Italy It is the largest and most active volcano in Europe It has slow large lava flows, but rarely poses any danger to inhabited areas Mount Etna has magma rich in gas Also, it is a strato volcano It has caused very few deaths Its eruptions are not particularly explosive

18. How people are aware of Mount Etnas eruptions It has preceding earthquakes The preceding earthquakes give the residents near Mount Etna plenty of warning to shelter or evacuate if there is enough time.

19. Mount Etnas Characteristics Height- It varies because it erupts so much. Currently it is almost 11,000 feet tall. The height is given at 3,350 meters, but is an approximation at best Activity- One of the worlds most active volcanoes. It erupts from craters at the top and from numerous vents on the side.

20. Past eruptions of Mount Etna In 1999, there were two eruptions- one on September 4 th and a mild eruption from the Bocca Nuova crater in November. In 1998, there was an eruption on July 22 nd. In 1995, there was an eruption from the Northeast crater on December 23 rd There was lava flow from a vent on the side from December 15, 1991 to March 31st, 1993

21. Bibliography www.volcanodiscovery.com/etna.htm www.ready.gov/be-informed www.americanfamilysafety.com/emergency- preparedness/index.php?pagename=volcan o-safety www.google.com www.bing.com Earth Science Textbook By: Prentice-Hall