1. Exploitation by Introduced Species

2. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31

3. Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher) Gallicolumba xanthonura White-throated ground-dove 28 29 Zosterops conspicillatus ** Bridled white-eye Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale reed-warbler Rhipidura rufifrons * Rufous fantail Ptilinopus roseicapilla Mariana fruit-dove Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal honeyeater Halcyon cinnamomina ** Micronesian kingfisher Nine of Eleven Native Forest Birds in Guam EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT 30

4. SUCCESS OF SPECIES INTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors No Coevolved Herbivores No Coevolved Parasites No Coevolved Pathogens

5. Predator-Prey Dynamics

6. Sunspot Hypothesis (Elton 1924) What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations? Predator Hypotheses Food Supply/Quality Hypotheses Overpopulation Hypotheses

7. TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 27 Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Supply, Quality

8. ControlsSupplemental Food Fertilizer Electric Fence / Supplemental Food Electrical Fence Krebs et al. 1995 8 YEAR STUDY TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

9. Fig. 14.15 in Molles 2006 TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT

10. Underlying Processes: Predator – Prey Dynamics Alfred Lotka (1925) Vito Volterra (1926)

11. dN h /dt = r h N h – pN h N p Modeling Population Change: Host (= Prey) r h = p = N h = N p =

12. dN p /dt = c p N h N p -d p N p Modeling Population Change: Predator c p = N h = N p = d p =

13. Fig. 14.17 in Molles 2006

15. 2 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

16. Fig. 14.18 in Molles 2006 Bean Weevil Parasitoid Wasp Utida 1957 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

17. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) G. Gause (1935) Predator: Didinium Prey: Paramecium

18. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Paramecium – Didinium) Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006 Experiment 1

19. PreyPredator Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006 Trial 2 Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges (Paramecium – Didinium) Add a Refuge: Sediment

20. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Restock Predators (Paramecium – Didinium) Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006 Prey Predator Trial 3 Restock the Predator

21. 10 Predatory Mite Can Crawl Feeds on Six-Spotted Mite Six-Spotted Mite Feeds on Oranges Can Crawl or “Balloon” via Silk Strand Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite)

22. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) Fig. 12.21 in Cain et al. 2008

23. Huffaker (1958) Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges and Complexity (Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite) Fig. 12.22 in Cain et al. 2008 Additional Complexity Widely Spaced Oranges Intervening Vaseline Strips Posts Inserted on Some Oranges to Facilitate Ballooning

24. 9

25. 2 http://perso.orange.fr/argaud/botanique/opuntia_stricta_fruit.jpg 3 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/COMMON1.JPG 4 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/Cochineal%20on% 20common%20pear%201%20Jun%2003%20Bingara%20web.jpg 5 http://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/cmdmn/images/cactoblastis.jpg 6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=6545&rendTypeId=4 7 http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/news/stories/images/ saltcedar-mountains-large.jpg 8 http://www.co.morton.nd.us/vertical/Sites/%7B90CBB59C-38EA- 4D41-861A-81C9DEBD6022%7D/uploads/%7BC2C6F596-EB0D- 427F-852E-5840C1E97721%7D.JPG 9 http://www.invasive.org/eastern/images/768x512/0002030.jpg

26. 10 http://www.cwss-scm.ca/Weeds/images/Ly1-purple-loosestrife.JPG 11 http://www.ec.gc.ca/EnviroZine/images/Issue35/zebra_mussels _DFO2_l.jpg 12 http://www.starfish.govt.nz/shared-graphics-for-download/zebra-mussel-large.jpg 14 http://www.birdfinders.co.uk/images/lesser-kestrel-2-spain-2006.jpg 15 http://www.douglloydphotography.com/mediac/400_0/media/DIR_ 9698/short~eared~owl~607.jpg 13 http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/andera/common-vole-15371.jpg 16 http://www.lakesuperiorstore.com/store/images/books/warner/HBC.jpg 18 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 17 http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/ snowshoe-hare.jpg 19 http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/Theory/eit027.jpg

27. 20 http://www.volunteertaskforce.org/images/aspen_seedlings.jpg 21 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 22 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/Goshawk0003.jpg 23 http://www.alangrinberg.com/photos/NewZealand/SouthPage02/3708_ Tannin.jpg 24 http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/habitats/boreal_forest2_c-NOVA.jpg 25 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 26 http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/coyote/ 27 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 28 http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/browntreesna.jpg 29 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/ 8xRFAuwO1RY/s400/Brown-tree-snake-(3).jpg

28. 29 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/53/11953-004-2CF4FCD9.jpg 31 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 30 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 32 http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/invasive.htm 33 http://www.chihuahuandesert.org/images/Salt%20Cedar%20Leaf%20Beetle.jpg