1. Correlative Body Systems

2. Body Temperature Regulation
Endothermy
Using energy generated by metabolism (mitochondria) to regulate and maintain temperature
Ectothermy
The use of external thermal energy to regulate and maintain temperature

3. Body Temperature Regulation

4. Surface-to-Volume Ratio
Alveoli
Villi and Microvilli

5. Interactions and Coordination
Gas Exchange and Respiratory systems

6. Interactions and Coordination
Gas Exchange

7. Interactions and Coordination

8. Interactions and Coordination

9. Interactions and Coordination
Circulatory and Respiratory

10. Obtaining Nutrients
Digestive Systems

11. Obtaining Nutrients Interactions and Coordination

12. Obtaining Nutrients
Regulation

13. Eliminating Wastes
Nitrogenous waste

14. Eliminating Wastes

15. Eliminating Wastes

16. Homeostatic Control
Osmoregulation

17. Muscular

18. Interactions and Coordination

19. Cortical granule release (cortical reaction)
Fig. 47-UN1
Sperm-egg fusion and depolarization of egg membrane (fast block to polyspermy)
Cortical granule release (cortical reaction)
Formation of fertilization envelope (slow block to polyspermy)

20. 2-cell stage forming Animal pole 8-cell stage Vegetal pole Blastocoel
Fig. 47-UN2
2-cell stage forming
Animal pole
8-cell stage
Vegetal pole
Blastocoel
Blastula

21. Fig. 47-UN3

22. Fig. 47-UN4
Neural tube
Neural tube
Notochord
Notochord
Coelom
Coelom

23. Fig. 47-UN5
Species:
Stage:

24. Fig. 47-UN6

25. Body Cavities
Most triploblastic animals possess a body cavity
A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm
Coelomates are animals that possess a true coelom

26. Fig. 32-8
Coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(a) Coelomate
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate
Figure 32.8 Body cavities of triploblastic animals
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-
filled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
(c) Acoelomate

27. Coelom Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining coelom
Fig. 32-8a
Coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Figure 32.8a Body cavities of triploblastic animals
(a) Coelomate

28. A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
Triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom are called pseudocoelomates

29. Body covering (from ectoderm) Pseudocoelom Muscle layer (from
Fig. 32-8b
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Figure 32.8b Body cavities of triploblastic animals
(b) Pseudocoelomate

30. Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called acoelomates

31. Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm)
Fig. 32-8c
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-
filled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
Figure 32.8c Body cavities of triploblastic animals
(c) Acoelomate

32. Protostome and Deuterostome Development
Based on early development, many animals can be categorized as having protostome development or deuterostome development

33. Cleavage
In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate
In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate
With indeterminate cleavage, each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
Indeterminate cleavage makes possible identical twins, and embryonic stem cells

34. Protostome development Deuterostome development (examples: echinoderm,
Fig. 32-9
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderm,
chordates)
(a) Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Eight-cell stage
Spiral and determinate
Radial and indeterminate
Key
(b) Coelom formation
Coelom
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Archenteron
Endoderm
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Blastopore
Mesoderm
Solid masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom.
Folds of archenteron
form coelom.
Figure 32.9 A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development
(c) Fate of the blastopore
Anus
Mouth
Digestive tube
Mouth
Anus
Mouth develops from blastopore.
Anus develops from blastopore.

35. Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids)
Fig. 32-9a
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
(a) Cleavage
Eight-cell stage
Eight-cell stage
Figure 32.9a A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development
Spiral and determinate
Radial and indeterminate

36. Coelom Formation
In protostome development, the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom
In deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

37. Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids)
Fig. 32-9b
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
(b) Coelom formation
Coelom
Key
Ectoderm
Archenteron
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Blastopore
Mesoderm
Figure 32.9b A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development
Solid masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom.
Folds of archenteron
form coelom.

38. Fate of the Blastopore
The blastopore forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula
In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth
In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the anus

39. Protostome development (examples: molluscs, annelids)
Fig. 32-9c
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
(c) Fate of the blastopore
Anus
Mouth
Key
Ectoderm
Digestive tube
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Figure 32.9c A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development
Mouth
Anus
Mouth develops from blastopore.
Anus develops from blastopore.

40. Concept 32.4: New views of animal phylogeny are emerging from molecular data
Zoologists recognize about three dozen animal phyla
Current debate in animal systematics has led to the development of two phylogenetic hypotheses, but others exist as well

41. One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons

42. “Porifera” Cnidaria Metazoa ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Ctenophora
Fig
“Porifera”
Cnidaria
ANCESTRAL
COLONIAL
FLAGELLATE
Metazoa
Ctenophora
Eumetazoa
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Deuterostomia
Echinodermata
Chordata
Bilateria
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Figure A view of animal phylogeny based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons
Protostomia
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Nematoda

43. One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based mainly on molecular data

44. Silicea “Porifera” Metazoa Calcarea ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE
Fig
Silicea
“Porifera”
Calcarea
ANCESTRAL
COLONIAL
FLAGELLATE
Metazoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Eumetazoa
Acoela
Echinodermata
Deuterostomia
Chordata
Bilateria
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Figure A view of animal phylogeny based mainly on molecular data
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda