1. MASS MOVEMENTS What are landslides? Video clip1 Video clip 2
Preventing Landslides
Preventing Landslides 2
Preventing Landslides 3

2. Types of Mass Movement
FALL
SLIDE
SLUMP
FLOW

3. Nevado del Ruiz Mudflow 1985

4. Causes of Mass Movements
Shear stress
Gravity
“slide component”
Shear strength
“stick component”

5. Causes of Mass Movements
In this example what has happened to the balance between shear stress and the shear strength ?
Mass movements occur when the shear stress increases or the shear strength decreases.
Shear strength
Shear stress
Shear stress has ……
Slope stability =
Shear strength has ……
Shear strength
Slope failure
Shear stress =

6. Causes of Mass Movements
Think of factors that could either reduce the shear strength or increase shear stress.
Shear Strength
Shear Stress
Increase in water content of slope
Increase in slope angle
Removal of overlying material
Shocks & vibrations
Weathering
Loading the slope with additional weight
Alternating layers of varying rock types/lithology
Undercutting the slope
Burrowing animals
Removal of vegetation
Explain how each of these either reduces shear strength or increases shear stress.

7. Water
Max angle = angle of repose
Internal cohesion

8. 2. Water
Pore water pressure = liquefaction

9. Causes of Mass Movements
Shear Strength
Shear Stress
Increase in water content of slope
Increase in slope angle
Removal of overlying material
Shocks & vibrations
Weathering
Loading the slope with additional weight
Alternating layers of varying rock types/lithology
Undercutting the slope
Burrowing animals
Removal of vegetation
(Mt St Helens & Elm)
(Aberfan, Vaiont Dam & Nevado del Ruiz)
(Nevados de Huascaran & Mt St Helens)
(Mam Tor, & Avon Gorge)
(Vaiont Dam)
(Mam Tor, Vaiont Dam & Holbeck Hall Hotel)
(Sarno)

10. Vaiont Dam, North Italy, 1963

11. Vaiont Dam, North Italy, 1963
Syncline structure

14. Vaiont Dam, North Italy, 1963
limestones inter-bedded with sands and clays. 
bedding planes that parallel the syncline structure, dipping steeply into the valley from both sides.
Some of the limestone beds had caverns, due to chemical weathering by groundwater
During August & September, 1963, heavy rains drenched the area adding weight to the rocks above the dam & increasing pore water pressure
Oct 9, 1963 at 10:41 P.M. the south wall of the valley failed and slid into the reservoir behind the dam. 
The landslide had moved along the clay layers that parallel the bedding planes in the northern wall of the valley
Filling of the reservoir had also increased fluid pressure in the pore spaces of the rock. 

15. Aberfan, South Wales 1966

16. Nevados de Huascaran, Peru, 1970

17. Nevados de Huascaran, Peru, 1970
magnitude 7.7 earthquake
shaking lasted for 45 seconds,
large block fell from the 6 000m peak
became a debris avalanche sliding across the snow covered glacier at velocities up to 335 km/hr.
hit a small hill and was launched into the air as an airborne debris avalanche. 
blocks the size of large houses fell on real houses for another 4 km. 
recombined and continued as a debris flow, burying the town of Yungay

18. Mt St Helens, USA 1980
Magma moved high into the cone of Mount St. Helens and inflated the volcano's north side outward by at least 150 m. This dramatic deformation was called the "bulge.“ This increased the shear stress.
Within minutes of a magnitude 5.1 earthquake at 8:32 a.m., a huge landslide completely removed the bulge, the summit, and inner core of Mount St. Helens, and triggered a series of massive explosions.
As the landslide moved down the volcano at a velocity of nearly 300 km/hr, the explosions grew in size and speed and a low eruption cloud began to form above the summit area

19. Holbeck Hall Hotel, Scarborough, 1993

20. Holbeck Hall Hotel, Scarborough, 1993
Boulder clay
Dry & cracked due to 4 years of drought
Above average rainfall in spring & early summer of 1993
Cracked clay increased its permeability allowing water in
Saturated clay is unstable
Increase in weight
Increase in pore water pressure
Dissolves cement

21. Sarno, Italy, 1998
Sarno

22. Figure 1a shows the site of the former Aberfan coal-waste tips (South Wales), one of which (tip No.7) suffered a major landslide and associated debris flow in 1966.
Figure 1b is a geological section through tip No.7 and the underlying geology prior to the
landslide.

23. (a) On the geological section (Figure 1b), mark with a labelled arrow ( S) the location of the spring beneath tip No.7. Account for the presence of a spring at this location. [2]
(b) Draw a line on Figure 1b to show the probable surface of failure associated with the landslide. [1]

24. (c) (i) State two geological factors that may have been responsible for causing tip No.7 to fail. [2]

25. (ii) Give an explanation of the possible role played by one of the geological factors you have identified in (c) (i). [2]

26. (d) Explain how appropriate action could have reduced the risk of mass movement prior to the failure of tip No.7. [3]

27. (e) Explain one environmental problem (other than waste tipping) associated with the extraction of rock or minerals from a mine you have studied. [2]

28. Controlling Mass Movements

29. Stabilisation by retaining wall and anchoring
Terracing (benches) and drainage
Toe stabilisation and hazard-resistant design
Loading the toe and retaining walls
Drainage
This increases the shear strength of the materials by reducing the pore-water pressure
The toe is stabilised by retaining wall which reduces the shear stress. The upper slope has rock anchors and mesh curtains. Drains improve water movement and shotcrete is used to reduce infiltration into the hillside.
Material deposited at the slope foot (toe) reduces the shear stress. Retaining walls are used to stabilise the upper slope. In this case a steel-mesh curtain is used.
The toe is stabilised by gabions. The railway line is protected by hazard-resistant design structure.
Regrading the slope to produce more stable angles to reduce shear stress

30. Mass Movement Stabilisation
1.Drainage
This increases the shear strength of the materials by reducing the pore-water pressure
2.Terracing (benches)
and drainage
Re-grading the slope to produce more stable angles

31. Mass Movement Stabilisation
3.Loading the toe and retaining walls
Material deposited at the slope foot (toe) reduces the shear stress. Retaining walls are used to stabilise the upper slope. In this case a steel-mesh curtain is used.

32. Mass Movement Stabilisation
4.Stabilisation by retaining wall and anchoring
The toe is stabilised by retaining wall. The upper slope has rock anchors and mesh curtains. Drains improve water movement and shotcrete is used to reduce infiltration into the hillside.

33. Mass Movement Stabilisation
5.Toe stabilisation and hazard-resistant design
The toe is stabilised by gabions. The railway line is protected by hazard-resistant design structure.

34. Portway, Avon Gorge Limestone interbedded with mudstones
Well jointed limestone
Loose rock causes rockfall
Frost shattering weathering
Steep cliff
Portway (main road at base of Avon Gorge)

35. Portway, Avon Gorge Extensive network of steel nets
Bolts to hold frost-shattered rock together
Alpine canopy covered with soil & vegetation

36. Mass Movements of Soil & Rock
Mechanisms/Causes
Management/Control
Shear strength
1. Slope Stabilisation
benching
rock anchors
mesh curtains
dental masonry
shotcrete
pore water pressure
removal of overlying material
weathering
lithology differences
burrowing animals
Mass Movements of Soil & Rock
2. Retaining Structures
removal of vegetation
earth embankments
gabions
retaining walls
2. Shear stress
slope angle
vibrations & shocks
loading slopes
Prediction/Monitoring
3. Drainage Control
undercutting of slope
hazard mapping
surveying/site investigations
measurement of creep/strain
measurement of groundwater pressures
underground drains
gravel-filled trenching
shotcrete