1. Important Concepts in the Readings 1. Fullan’s piece detailed complexity and dynamic complexity convergent problem and divergent problem 2. Sergiovanni’s piece rules-based and norms-based strategies for change

2. Four Waves of Educational Change 1955-65, national security; 1965-75, social equality; 1975-early 90s, academic excellence and economic superiority Early 90s to present, systemic change and accountability

3. The RDDE Model  Research, development, decision, evaluation  a rational model embodied in the Western, industrial,and highly technological culture  originating from agricultural research and improvement  rational perspective on policymaking  structural perspective on organization  top-down approach & injection mentality

4. The DDAE Model  dialogue, decision, action, evaluation  a combination of internal responsiveness and external stimulation  nonlinear and only vaguely goal- oriented  cultural and political perspectives on policymaking and organization

5. RDDE and DDAE Models Compared Two extremes of a continuum of educational change models Programmed and adaptive implementation as discussed by Berman (1980) The fidelity perspective and the mutual- adaptation or evolutionary perspective as distinguished by Fullan (1991)

6. The ecological model  School has its own culture.  Change and renewal  School as the center or unity for renewal  Toward an ecological model

7. Three Strategies for Change Rational, empirical–discovering or inventing new things and making them available Power coercive—using rules and sanctions to compel Normative—opening up the decision process to members of the organization Owens, R. G. (2001). Organizational behavior in education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

8. Bibliography on Theories of Change Fullan, M. (2001). Leading in a culture of change. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Fullan, M. G. (2001). The new meaning of educational change. New York: Teachers College Press. Goodlad, J. I. (1975). The dynamics of educational change: toward responsive schools. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Goodlad, J. I. (1987). Toward a healthy ecosystem: The ecology of school renewal. In J. I. Goodlad (Ed.), The ecology of school renewal (pp. 210-221). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Sarason, S. B. (1996). Revisiting “The culture of the school and the problem of change”. New York: Teachers College Press. Sarason, S. B. (1991). The predictable failure of educational reform. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

9. Small Group Discussions 1. On Fullan’s piece 1.1 Please define the following two sets of concepts and briefly discuss how they are related to the theory of educational change. detailed complexity and dynamic complexity convergent problem and divergent problem 1.2 Please briefly discuss the eight lessons. What is your reaction to these lessons?

10. Small Group Discussion (Cont.) 2. On Sergiovanni’s piece 2.1 What does Sergiovanni mean by rules-based and norms-based strategies for change? 2.2 What are the main arguments in Sergiovanni’s “new theory of educational change”? 2.3 How are his arguments related to your professional experience and/or beliefs? In other words, what is your reaction to his arguments?