1. Awakenings, Imperial Rivalry, and Rebellion in Colonial America

2. The Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s
Major Themes
Evangelicals
“bearers of good news”
Undermined religious authority, order
Pluralism, egalitarianism
Conversion experience
Enslaved Africans, Indians
Individualism
free-will

3. Age of Enlightenment Age of Reason Religious Matters
Geocentric vs. helio-centric
Descartes (Calculus)
John Locke
Empiricism
Rational universe
Religious Matters
Spectral evidence debunked
Rationale Protestantism

4. Rationalists vs. Evangelicals
“An unchurched people”
displacement
Revival of Supernatural
Constant revelation
Quakers without pacifism
Reason rebuked
Man may not know God through reason, but only through emotional rebirth
Conversion experience

5. Jonathan Edwards Scion of New England elite
Solomon Stoddard
“Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”
Fire & brimstone
Male % increase
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprizing Works of God (1737-8)

6. George Whitefield English evangelical Itinerant Preacher
Anti-rationalism (Church of England)
Itinerant Preacher
England, Whales
(American tour)
Maine to Georgia
celebrity

7. George Whitefield in America, 1739-41
Benjamin Franklin
Printing business
Franklin’s rationalism
“He finished so admirably, that I emptied my Pocket wholly into the Collection’s Dish, Gold and all.”
(80K copies)
1:11 ratio

8. Emergence of Radicals Anti-educated clergy “calling” Democratic
Removal of class distinction
Plebian vs. patrician
Non-ordained ministry
Exhorters
Female preachers

9. Samson Occom, 1723-92 Mohegan convert Published
: preached to Indian converts
Poverty wages
1766: raised £11K in England
Educating Indians
Dartmouth
Natives excluded

10. Legacies of Great Awakening
Pluralism
Evangelicalism
“many ways to God”
Separation of church and state
taxes
Church will corrupt state, not state corrupt church (R. Williams)
Democracy?
Toleration?

11. The Imperial Crisis: France & England
Nine Years War ( )
War of Spanish Succession ( )
Seven Years War ( ); French-Indian War ( )
Population (N. America)
1750: NF=1/10 British

13. Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie George Washington July 4, 1754
Oust French from Ohio Valley
Contested terrain
George Washington
Fort Duquesne
blunders
July 4, 1754
Fort Necessity

14. British escalate colonial war
Edward Braddock
2,200 British regular & colonial troops
Fort Duquesne
Disaster
European style
Dysentery, swamp fever
1 mile per day
Deaths-40 (F) :1,000 (B)

16. British commitments William Pitt Colonial policy 1758
Invest troops, money
Escalate debt
“America first”
1758
45,000 British
9,000 French
Fort Duquesne falls
Fort Pitt

19. Cost of War Conquest of Canada Treaty of Paris (1763) £4 million
10X French defense
Treaty of Paris (1763)
French concessions
Mississippi River
West (Spain)
East (England)
Florida (England)

21. The Empire in Transition
The New Imperialism
The British and the Tribes
Failure of the Proclamation of 1763 .

22. The Empire in Transition
The New Imperialism
Battles over Trade and Taxes
Sugar & Stamp Acts ( )
Sugar Act: reduced tariff on foreign molasses: six pence to three pence
Stamp Act: most printed materials; act repealed
“in all cases whatsoever”
Persistent Colonial Grievances

23. The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of Revolt
The Stamp Act Crisis
Effects of the Stamp Act
“Virginia Resolves”
Taxation & rep. govt.
Stamp Act Repealed
The Tory’s Day of Judgment (Library of Congress)

24. The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of Revolt
The Townshend Program
Mutiny Act
Townshend Duties
Nonimportation Agreement .

25. The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of Revolt
The Boston Massacre
Rebellious Boston
“Committee of Correspondence”
The Boston Massacre (Library of Congress)

26. The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of Revolt
The Philosophy of Revolt
Sources of Revolutionary Ideology
“No Taxation without Representation”
“Virtual” and “Actual” Representation
Sovereignty Debated
"No Taxation without Representation!"

27. The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of Revolt
Sites of Resistance
Political Importance of Colonial Taverns
The Tea Excitement
The Tea Act
The Boston “Tea Party”
Consequences of the Coercive Acts .

28. The Empire in Transition
Cooperation and War
New Sources of Authority
The First Continental Congress