1. 4. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS CIRCUITS by Ulaby & Maharbiz

2. Overview

3. Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication Wafer: Thin slice of semiconductor material with highly polished surface Processed wafer is cut into many dies or chips. Lithography: Defining spatial pattern Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it.

4. Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication

5. Lithography: Defining spatial pattern Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it. Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication

9. Operational Amplifier “Op Amp”  Two input terminals, positive (non- inverting) and negative (inverting)  One output  Power supply V +, and Op Amp showing power supply Op Amp with power supply not shown (which is how we usually display op amp circuits)

10. Inside The Op-Amp (741)

11. Gain  Key important aspect of op amp: high voltage gain  Output, A is op-amp gain (or open-loop gain) – different from circuit gain G  Linear response

12. Equivalent Circuit

13. Example 4-1: Op Amp Amplifier KCL at Node a: KCL at Node b: For infinite A: = 4.999975 = 5 Node a Node b

14. Negative Feedback  Feedback: return some of the output to the input  Negative feedback decreases input signal  Achieves desired circuit gain, with wide range for input Negative Feedback No Feedback Range of 5 Gain = 5Range of : ‒ 2 V to +2 V Gain = 1million Range of : ‒ 10 mV to +10 mV

15. Circuit Analysis With Ideal Op Amps  Use nodal analysis as before, but with “golden rules”   N  Do not apply KCL at op amp output No current into op amp No voltage drop across op amp input

16. Noninverting Amplifier (max) = V cc At node

17. Inverting Amplifier

18. Example 4-2: Input Current Source Relate output voltage to input current source

19. Summing Amplifier

20. Example 4-4: Solution:

21. Difference Amplifier Note negative gain of channel 1

22. Voltage Follower “Buffers” Sections of Circuit What is the op amp doing? depends on both input and load resistors is immune to input and load resistors

24. Example 4-5: Elevation Sensor Sensor Response Desired Output h = elevation, inversely proportional to air pressure

25. Example 4-6: Multiple Op-Amp Circuit

26. Measurement Uncertainty (T = 21 ° C) v2v2 V 0 = V 2 ± 1% of V 2 21 ° C ± 0.21 ° C G = 1 ± 1% G = 1 1% G = 1 1% v2v2 (T = 21 ° C) Thermistor v1v1 Fixed Reference Temp = 20 ° C V 0 = (V 2 ‒ V 1 ) ± 1% of (V 2 ‒ V 1 ) 1 ° C ± 0.01 ° C Direct Measurement Differential Measurement Much better measurement uncertainty

27. Instrumentation Amplifier Highly sensitive differential amplifier

28. Digital to Analog Converter Converts digital value into analog voltage 4-digit example

29. Digital to Analog Converter Represent digital value with analog voltage

30. MOSFET (Field Effect Transistor) Active Device: Voltage Controlled Current Source Gate voltage controls drain/source current

31. MOSFET Equivalent Circuit Characteristic curvesIdealized response

32. Example 4-9: MOSFET Amplifier Given: Determine

33. Load Line You can use a “load line” to graphically determine V out = V DS for a given V in = V GS RLRL V DD V DD / R D

34. Digital Circuit: MOSFET Inverter V DD = 15 V RLRL G S D IDID Output “High” Logic 1 Output “Low” Logic 0 InOut 01 10 Input “Low” InOut V DD 012345 0 5 10 15 V GS =V in V DS =V out Output “Low” Logic 0 Output “High” Logic 1 Input “High”

35. Read-Only Memory (ROM) Circuits V READ = 1 V BIT = 0100

36. Another Digital Circuit Element: NAND ABOut 001 011 101 110 A B V DD A V out B No current flows through resistor, unless both A and B inputs turn their transistors on to “pull down” V out NAND gates can be used to build any binary logic function

37. Another Digital Circuit Element: NOR Current will flow if either A or B inputs turn their transistors on to “pull down” V out ABOut 001 010 100 110 A B A V DD V out B NOR gates can be used to build any binary logic function

38. Tech Brief 8: Electromagnetic Spectrum

39. Example: Multisim Instruments

40. Multisim Table

42. Multisim: MOSFET I-V Analyzer

43. Summary