1. * List some Greek symbols and their meanings:
Alpha, beta and gamma radiation
Lesson objectives; You will learn:
1. The nature of alpha beta and gamma
2. The properties of alpha beta and gamma
3. Why these radiations are dangerous
STARTER ACTIVITY:
* List some Greek symbols and their meanings:
greek symbols meanings
  
Alpha beta gamma
   
Pi theta delta omega
  
summation ohm wavelength 
micro

2. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

3. Types of radiation
1) Alpha () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons – the nucleus of a helium atom)
Unstable nucleus
New nucleus
Alpha particle
2) Beta () – a nucleus decays into a new nucleus by changing a neutron into a proton and electron. The fast moving, high energy electron is called a beta particle.
Beta particle
New nucleus
Unstable nucleus
3) Gamma – after  or  decay surplus energy is sometimes emitted. This is called gamma radiation and has a very high frequency with short wavelength. The nucleus is not changed.
Unstable nucleus
New nucleus
Gamma radiation

4. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

5. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

6. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation
Q1.
Why do Alpha and beta
deflect in opposite
directions?
Q2.
Why does gamma not
deflect in a
magnetic field?

7. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

8. Ionization
An ion is a charged particle. Alpha , beta and gamma radiations have the ability to ionize atoms when they collide with them. The charged particles that are created are potentially very dangerous - particularly if they belong to your body!
This is the symbol for radioactive materials

9. + - How does ionization happen? Nucleus (positively charged) An Atom
Atoms are neutral as they have equal numbers of positive and negative charges -
An electron (negatively charged)

10. How does ionization happen?
An Atom + -

11. The charged particle left behind is called an ion
The charged particle left behind is called an ion. We say that the atom has been ionized. +

12. + Ionisation  particle
When radiation collides with neutral atoms or molecules it alters their structure by knocking off electrons. This will leave behind IONS – this is called IONISING RADIATION.
 particle
Electron +

13. Why are ionizing radiations dangerous?
If they ionize atoms in living cells they can cause the cells to mutate, and this can lead to cancer.

14. Thin paper Alpha source
Each time an atom is ionized the radiation particle loses energy. They slow down and eventually stop. At this point they are harmless as they can do no more damage.
Alpha particles are strongly ionizing. They produce many hundreds of ions per cm when they travel through air. But this means they lose their energy quickly and stop after a few cm.
Thin paper
Where would these be most dangerous?
Alpha source

15. Beta particles are less ionizing
Beta particles are less ionizing. They lose their energy more slowly and can travel much further in air than alpha particles.
Does this make beta particles less dangerous?
Thin paper
Aluminium sheet
beta source

16. Gamma rays are not very ionizing. They travel unimpeded through air
Gamma rays are not very ionizing. They travel unimpeded through air. In fact, you need several cm of lead or concrete to reduce their level, but even then, a lot still get through.
Does this make them less dangerous than alphas and betas?
Thick lead
gamma source

17. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation