1. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 1 Data Type planet_t and Basic Operations Abstract Data Type (ADT) is a data type combined with a set of basic operations

2. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 2 Case Study: Complex Number ADT Complex data type typedef struct{ double real, imag; } complex_t; Operations 1.int scan_complex(complex_t *c); 2.void print_complex(complex_t c); 3.complex_t add_complex(complex_t c1, complex_t c2); 4.complex_t subtract_complex(complex_t c1, complex_t c2); 5.complex_t multiply_complex(complex_t c1, complex_t c2); 6.complex_t divide_complex(complex_t c1, complex_t c2); 7.complex_t abs_complex(complex_t c);

3. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 3 Partial Implementation of Complex ADT (I)

4. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 4 Partial Implementation of Complex ADT (II)

5. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 5 Partial Implementation of Complex ADT (III)

6. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 6 Partial Implementation of Complex ADT (IV)

7. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 7 Partial Implementation of Complex ADT (V)

8. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 8 Parallel Array vs. Array of Structures Assume that there are three records first_name last_name ID paymentdate Tom Black 12345300.00 980130 Alice Smith 23456 1200.50 980220 Jane White 14567 900.00 980701 Two ways to store the records –Parallel array: char first_name[3][20]; char last_name[3][20]; int id[3]; double payment[3]; int date[3]; –Array of Structures typedef struct{ char first_name[20]; char first_name[20]; int id; double payment; int date; } customer_t; customer_t record[3]; Advantages and disadvantages

9. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 9 Structures with Pointer Components typedef struct node { char data; struct node *next; }; The structure type node contains a pointer member of the same type This type of structure can be used to form a linked list data structure A linked list is a sequence of nodes each contains the address of the next node except the last node abcd p

10. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 10 Use linked list to implement a Stack ADT Node structure type typedef struct node { char data; struct node *next; }; Operations 1.node *create(void); 2.Void freeStack(node *stack); 3.Void push(char inputdat, node *stack); 4.Char pop(node *stack); 5.Char top(node *stack); 6.Int isempty(node *stack); See demo Advantages: assign memory location dynamically –assign when needed, while array can not, must assign fixed length before using it –Nodes of a linked list may not stored in continuous in memory, while an array is stored continuously in memory Disadvantages: Linear access not random access More overhead and relatively slower

11. CP104 Introduction to Programming Structure II Lecture 32 __ 11 Functions related to memory allocation in stdlib Memory allocation function call will assign memory location to variables, arrays in Heap region of memory. void *malloc(size_t size); –Allocates the requested memory and returns a pointer to it. The requested size is size bytes. The value of the space is indeterminate. On success a pointer to the requested space is returned. On failure a null pointer is returned. void *calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size); –Allocates the requested memory and returns a pointer to it. The requested size is nitems each size bytes long (total memory requested is nitems*size). The space is initialized to all zero bits. On success a pointer to the requested space is returned. On failure a null pointer is returned. void free(void *ptr); –Deallocates the memory previously allocated by a call to calloc, malloc, or realloc. The argument ptr points to the space that was previously allocated. If ptr points to a memory block that was not allocated with calloc, malloc, or realloc, or is a space that has been deallocated, then the result is undefined. No value is returned. sizeof –Is a key word, not a function. e.g. sizeof(int)