1. The problem of Economic Organization Aim: Introduce the notion of an efficient organization, i.e. an organization that produces efficient outcomes. Efficient outcome: the total value of the organisation is maximised

2. C G Life-cycle (Clark, T (2007)

3. Partnership: The general partners both own and exercise management The partners cannot sell or otherwise transfer their ownership claims without permission of the other partners There are no markets for corporate control connected to the partnership form When borrowing money each partner is individually responsible for the entire liabilities and the liability is unlimited

4. Economic organizations Entities within and through which people interact to reach individual and collective goals Boundaries of the organization? which ‘stakeholders’ should be included in the organization Size of the organisation? the CEO has to define the optimal span of control better

5. Contractual view: An organisation (firm): a nexus of contracts a legal fiction that enters into bilateral contracts between itself and its suppliers, workers, investors managers and customers.

6. Efficient performance Efficient choice (outcome of economic processes) There is no available alternative that is universally preferred in terms of the goals and preferences of the people involved Efficiency of organizations Properties of organizations such as the bargaining procedures people use to seek out ‘efficient choices’ and to implement and enforce their choices

7. Transaction Cost Approach to analysing efficiency of organizations Transaction is the basic unit of analysis: the transfers of goods and services from one individual to another Two principal categories of transaction costs 1.Coordination costs: costs of determining prices and other details associated with a transaction 2.Motivation costs: a)Information incompleteness and asymmetries, b) Imperfect commitment

8. Design of an efficient organization Choose an organizational form that - as far as possible - minimize transaction costs and produces efficient outcomes The efficiency principle If people are able to bargain together effectively and can effectively implement and enforce their decisions, then the outcomes of economic activity will tend to be efficient. Alternative “theories of the firm”: Becerra, M (2009), Theory of the Firm for Strategic Management, Cambridge, ch. 1-3

9. Basic Shareholder Value model: I : Set up cost of the project A: “Initial equity” (contribution by the entrepreneur to cover part of investment costs) R: Profit at the end of the project (R>0 a success; R=0 a failure) pH: Probability of success if the entrepreneur “behaves” pL: Probability of success if the entrepreneur “misbehaves” B: Private benefit if the entrepreneur “misbehaves” w: Compensation the entrepreneur receive in case of success (w=0 in case of failure)

10. The Coase theorem Is it possible to define an efficient bargaining organization, where the division of income from ownership has no influence on the outcome. The utility function must have certain properties Are they realistic? ui: The utility of two contractual parties i=1,2 y: Total input provided by the two parties γi: Costs for individual i x: Total income in cash generated by the investment P: The value creating process in the firm

11. No Wealth Effect 1.Individual parties evaluate the benefits they receive and costs and risks they bear as being equivalent to some cash transfer 2.These evaluations do not depend on the amount of wealth they hold 3.People are able to make payments in whatever amounts required to divide the benefits of the transaction without affecting the costs or feasibility of any other aspect of the transaction.

12. Example: Two actions: 1) organize all activities in one large firm 2) decentralize the activities to a large number of small one- person firms.