1. Tutorial 4 Analyzing and Charting Financial Data

2. Objectives Use the PMT function to calculate a loan payment
Create an embedded pie chart
Apply styles to a chart
Add data labels to a pie chart
Format a chart legend
Create a clustered column chart
Create a stacked column chart
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3. Objectives Create a line chart Create a combination chart
Format chart elements
Modify the chart’s data source
Add sparklines to a worksheet
Format cells with data bars
Insert a watermark
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4. Visual Overview: Chart Elements
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5. Visual Overview: Chart Elements
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6. Introduction to Financial Functions
Excel provides a wide range of financial functions related to loans and investments:
The PMT function can be used to calculate the installment payment and payment schedule required to completely repay a loan
Future value
Present value
Calculating the interest part of a payment
Calculating the principle part of a payment
Loan interest rate
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7. Introduction to Financial Functions
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8. Introduction to Financial Functions
Cost of a loan to the borrower is largely based on three factors:
Principal: amount of money being loaned
Interest: amount added to the principal by the lender
Time required to repay the loan
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9. Introduction to Financial Functions
Use to determine…
FV (future value)
How much an investment will be worth after a series of monthly payments at some future time
PMT (payment)
How much you have to spend each month to repay a loan or mortgage within a set period of time
IPMT (interest payment)
How much of your monthly loan payment is used to pay the interest
PPMT (principal payment)
How much of your monthly loan payment is used for repaying the principal
PV (present value)
Largest loan or mortgage you can afford given a set monthly payment
NPER (number of periods)
How long it will take to pay off a loan with constant monthly payments
RATE
The interest rate of a loan or an investment based on periodic, constant payments
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10. Introduction to Financial Functions
Using the PMT Function
To calculate the costs associated with a loan, you must have the following information:
The annual interest rate
The number of payment periods per year
The length of the loan in terms of the total number of payment periods
The amount being borrowed
When loan payments are due
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11. Introduction to Financial Functions
The syntax of the PMT function is:
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12. Introduction to Financial Functions
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13. Creating a Chart
Charts show trends or relationships in data that are easier to see in a graphic representation rather than viewing the actual numbers or data
Creating a chart is a several-step process:
Selecting the data to display in the chart
Choosing the chart type
Moving the chart to a specific location
Sizing the chart
Formatting the chart’s appearance
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14. Creating a Chart Selecting a Chart’s Data Source
A data source includes one or more data series and a series of category values
A data series contains the actual values that are plotted on the chart
Category values provide descriptive labels for each data series or data value; usually located in the first column or first row of the data source
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15. Creating a Chart
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16. Creating a Chart Exploring Chart Types and Subtypes
Excel provides 53 types of charts organized into the 10 categories
Each category includes variations of the same chart type, which are called chart subtypes
You can design your own custom chart types to meet the specific needs of your reports and projects
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17. Creating a Chart
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18. Creating a Chart Exploring Chart Types and Subtypes
A pie chart is a chart in the shape of a circle divided into slices like a pie
Each slice represents a single value from a data series
Larger data values are represented with bigger pie slices
The relative sizes of the slices let you visually compare the data values and see how much each contributes to the whole
Pie charts are most effective with six or fewer slices, and when each slice is large enough to view easily
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19. Creating a Chart Inserting a Pie Chart with the Quick Analysis Tool
After you select an adjacent range to use as a chart’s data source, the Quick Analysis tool appears
The Quick Analysis tool includes a category for creating charts
The CHART category lists recommended chart types—the charts that are most appropriate for the data source you selected
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20. Creating a Chart Inserting a Pie Chart with the Quick Analysis Tool
Make sure the correct range is selected
Click the Quick Analysis button in the lower-right corner of the selected range
Click the CHARTS category
Click Pie to select the pie chart
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21. Creating a Chart
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22. Creating a Chart Moving and Resizing Charts
Excel charts are either placed in their own chart sheets or embedded in a worksheet
When you create a chart, it is embedded in the worksheet that contains the data source
Selecting the chart displays:
A selection box (used to move or resize the chart)
Sizing handles (used to change the chart’s width and height)
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23. Creating a Chart
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24. Working with Chart Elements
Every chart contains elements that can be formatted, added to the chart, or removed from the chart
The Chart Elements button is used to add, remove, and format individual elements
When you add or remove a chart element, the other elements resize to fit in the space
Live Preview shows how changing an element will affect the chart’s appearance
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25. Working with Chart Elements
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26. Working with Chart Elements
Choosing a Chart Style
When you create a chart, the chart is formatted with a style (a collection of formats)
In the pie chart created, the format of the chart title, the location of the legend, and the colors of the pie slices are all part of the default style
You can quickly change the appearance of a chart by selecting a different style from the Chart Styles gallery
Live Preview shows how a chart style will affect the chart
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27. Working with Chart Elements
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28. Working with Chart Elements
Formatting the Pie Chart Legend
You can fine-tune a chart style by formatting individual chart elements
From the Chart Elements button, you can open a submenu for each element that includes formatting options, such as the element’s location within the chart
You can also open a Format pane, which has more options for formatting the selected chart element
The Chart Elements button also provides access to the Format pane with more design options
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29. Working with Chart Elements
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30. Working with Chart Elements
Formatting Pie Chart Data Labels
Modify the content and appearance of data labels
Move the labels to the center of the pie slices or place them outside of the slices
Set the labels as data callouts
Change the text and number styles used
Drag and drop individual data labels, placing them anywhere within the chart
When a data label is placed far from its pie slice, a leader line is added to connect the data label to its pie slice
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31. Working with Chart Elements
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32. Working with Chart Elements
Setting the Pie Slice Colors
A pie slice is an example of a data marker that represents a single data value from a data series
You can format the appearance of individual data markers to make them stand out from the others
Pie slice colors should be as distinct as possible to avoid confusion
Depending on the printer quality or the monitor resolution, it might be difficult to distinguish between similarly colored slices or data
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33. Working with Chart Elements
Formatting the Chart Area
The chart’s background (called the chart area) can be formatted using:
Fill colors
Border styles
Special effects such as drop shadows and blurred edges
The chart area fill color used in the pie chart is white, which blends in with the worksheet background
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34. Performing What-If Analyses with Charts
A chart is linked to its data source
Changes made to the data source affect the chart; a visual representation of changes
Makes charts a powerful tool for data exploration and what-if analysis
Excel uses chart animation to slow down the effect of changing data source values, making it easier to see how changing one value affects the chart
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35. Performing What-If Analyses with Charts
Another type of what-if analysis is to limit the data to a subset of the original values in a process called filtering
Rather than creating a new chart, you can filter an existing chart to only show specific data
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36. Performing What-If Analyses with Charts
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37. Creating a Column Chart
Displays values in different categories as columns
Height of each column is based on its value
Bar chart
Column chart turned on its side
Length of each bar is based on its value
Better to use column and bar charts than pie charts when the number of categories is large or the data values are close in value
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38. Creating a Column Chart
Better to use column and bar charts than pie charts when the:
Number of categories is large
Data values are close in value
Easier to compare height or length than area
Column charts can include several data series
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39. Creating a Column Chart
Comparing Column Chart Subtypes
Column and bar charts can display multiple data series
You can plot three data series against one category
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40. Creating A Column Chart
Comparing Column Chart Subtypes
The clustered column chart displays the data series in separate columns side-by-side so that you can compare the relative heights of the columns The stacked column chart places the data series values within combined columns showing how much is contributed by each series
The 100% stacked column chart makes the same comparison as the stacked column chart except that the stacked sections are expressed as percentages
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41. Creating a Column Chart
Creating a Clustered Column Chart
Select data source
Select type of chart to create
Move and resize the chart
Change chart’s design, layout, and format by:
Selecting one of the chart styles, or
Formatting individual chart elements
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42. Creating a Column Chart
Moving a Chart to a Different Worksheet
Can move a chart from one worksheet to another or place the chart in its own chart sheet
In a chart sheet, the chart is enlarged to fill the entire workspace
The Move Chart dialog box provides options for moving charts between worksheets and chart sheets
You can cut and paste a chart between workbooks
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43. Creating a Column Chart
Changing and Formatting a Chart Title
When a chart has a single data series, the name of the data series is used for the chart title
When a chart has more than one data series, the “Chart Title” placeholder appears as the temporary title of the chart
You can replace the placeholder text with a more descriptive title
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44. Creating a Column Chart
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45. Creating a Column Chart
Creating a Stacked Column Chart
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46. Visual Overview: Charts, Sparklines, and Data Bars
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47. Visual Overview: Charts, Sparklines, and Data Bars
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48. Creating a Line Chart
Line charts are typically used when the data consists of values drawn from categories that follow a sequential order at evenly spaced intervals
Like column charts, a line chart can be used with one or more data series
When multiple data series are included, the data values are plotted on different lines with varying line colors
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49. Creating a Line Chart
Displays data values using a connected line rather than columns or bars
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50. Working with Axes and Gridlines
A chart’s vertical and horizontal axes are based on the values in the data series and the category values
In many cases, the axes display the data in the most visually effective and informative way
Sometimes you will want to modify the axes’ scale, add gridlines, and make other changes to better highlight the chart data
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51. Working with Axes and Gridlines
Editing the Scale of the Vertical Axis
Range of values (scale) of an axis is based on the values in the data source
Vertical (value) axis: range of values in the data
Horizontal (category) axis: category values
Excel divides the scale into regular intervals, marked on the axis with tick marks and labels
More tick marks at smaller intervals could make the chart difficult to read
Fewer tick marks at larger intervals could make the chart less informative
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52. Working with Axes and Gridlines
Editing the Scale of the Vertical Axis
Major tick marks identify the main units on the chart axis
Minor tick marks identify the smaller intervals between the major tick marks
Some charts involve multiple data series
Plot one data series against a primary axis, which usually appears along the left side of the chart
Plot the other against a secondary axis, which is usually placed on the right side of the chart
The two axes can be based on entirely different scales
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53. Working with Axes and Gridlines
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54. Working with Axes and Gridlines
Adding Gridlines
Gridlines are horizontal and vertical lines that help you compare data and category values
Gridlines may or may not appear in a chart
You can add or remove them separately
Gridlines are placed at the major tick marks or can be set to appear at the minor tick marks
The chart style used for the two column charts and the line chart includes horizontal gridlines
You can add vertical gridlines to help further separate one set of values from another
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55. Working with Axes and Gridlines
Working with Column Widths
You can set the spacing between one column and another in your column charts
You can define the width of the columns
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56. Formatting Data Markers
Each value from a data series is represented by a data marker:
Individual pie slices in pie charts
Columns in column charts
Points connected by the line in a line chart
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57. Formatting the Plot Area
The plot area includes only that portion of the chart in which the data markers have been placed or plotted
You can format the plot area by changing its fill and borders, and by adding visual effects
Changes to the plot area are often madein conjunction with the chart area
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58. Formatting the Plot Area
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59. Creating a Combination Chart
A combination chart combines two chart types within a single chart
Enable you to show two sets of data using the chart type that is best for each data set
Can have data series with vastly different values
You can create dual axis charts, using primary and secondary axes
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60. Creating a Combination Chart
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61. Creating a Combination Chart
Working with Primary and Secondary Axes
When a chart has primary and secondary vertical axes, it is helpful to identify exactly what each axis is measuring
Add an axis title (a descriptive text that appears next to the axis) to the chart
You can add, remove, and format axis titles
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62. Creating a Combination Chart
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63. Editing a Chart Data Source
To modify a Chart’s Data Source:
Click the chart to select it
On the CHART TOOLS DESIGN tab, in the Data group, click the Select Data button
In the Legend Entries (Series) section click the Add button or the Remove button
Click the Edit button in the Horizontal (Category) Axis Labels section to select the category values for the chart
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64. Editing a Chart Data Source
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65. Creating Sparklines
A sparkline is a chart that is displayed entirely within a worksheet cell
Sparklines are compact in size; don’t include chart elements (legends, titles, or gridlines)
The goal of a sparkline is to convey the maximum amount of information within a very small space
Sparklines are useful when you don’t want charts to overwhelm the rest of your worksheet or take up valuable page space
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66. Creating Sparklines
You can create the following three types of sparklines:
A line sparkline for highlighting trends
A column sparkline for column charts
A win/loss sparkline for highlighting positive and negative values
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67. Creating Sparklines Three types of sparklines:
Line sparkline: Highlights trends
Column sparkline: For column charts
Win/Loss sparkline: Highlights positive and negative values
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68. Creating Sparklines
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69. Creating Sparklines Formatting the Sparkline Axis
You can change the scale of the vertical axis
The vertical axis will range from the minimum value to the maximum value
You can change the vertical axis scale to be the same for the related sparklines
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70. Creating Sparklines Working with Sparkline Groups
The sparklines in the location range are part of a single group
Clicking any cell in the location range selects all of the sparklines in the group
Any formatting applied to one sparkline affects all of the sparklines in the group (ensures that the sparklines for related data are formatted consistently)
To format each sparkline differently, you must first ungroup them
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71. Creating Sparklines
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72. Creating Data Bars
Conditional format that adds a horizontal bar to background of a cell containing a number
Length based on value of each cell in the range
Dynamic—the lengths of data bars automatically update if cell’s value changes
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73. Creating Data Bars Modifying a Data Bar Rule
Modify by altering rules of the conditional format
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74. Inserting a Watermark
A watermark is text or an image that appears in the background behind other content
Insert into the header or footer of a worksheet
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