1. ESTIMATION OF LIFETIME CANCER RISK AMONG RESIDENTIAL ADULTS AND CHILDREN NEAR OKHLA LANDFILL, NEW DELHI VIA INGESTION (ORAL ROUTE) DUE TO ARSENIC AND BENZENE CONTAMINATION IN GROUNDWATER BY LEACHATE” Submitted by- Avdesh Bhardawaj-2014CEZ8202 Manu Dubey-2013CEV2188 Annada Padhi-2013CEZ8421

2. Overview and Scope In this study Lifetime Cancer Risk has been calculated for adult and children residents near Okhla landfill which is un-engineered and does not have a geo- membrane or lining system. Different steps of Risk Assessment process- Hazard Identification, Exposure Assessment, Dose Response Assessment, Risk Characterization, Risk Management and Risk Communication were carried out. The scope of the work was to assess the incremental lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of carcinogen (arsenic and benzene) contaminated groundwater from leachate generating from a landfill. Secondary data from literature were used to estimate carcinogen concentration in leachate contaminated groundwater.

3. Hazard Identification Compound  Arsenic  Benzene Site-Description  The landfill site at Okhla Phase I, with an area of 16.2 hectares, receives MSW at the rate of about 1200 Tonnes/day, which started operation in the year 1994. Target sub-populations  Adults Residents living at different proximate distances from the landfill  Children Residents living at different proximate distances from the landfill: Potency factor through oral route for selected carcinogens (Source: US EPA, IRIS 1989) Carcinogen Potency factor through Oral Route (mg/kg-day) -1 Arsenic 1.75 Benzene 0.029

4. Exposure Assessment The distances selected for calculations are 100m, 200m, 300m, 400m and 500m because beyond it the concentration of carcinogens is very less and hence the cancer risk is also not significant. RISK ESTIMATION CDI for Adults was calculated as: CDI for Children was calculated as:

5. Carcinogenic Contamination of GW from leachate Not Exposed Exposed Ingestion (Oral Route) Ingestion (Oral Route) Risk value above standard (1 in million) Risk value above standard (1 in million) Risk value below standard (1 in million) Risk value below standard (1 in million) Eating food irrigated with contaminated GW (Not considered in this study) No Cancer Risk High Risk of Cancer Risk value below standard (1 in million) Risk value below standard (1 in million) Risk value above standard (1 in million) Risk value above standard (1 in million) Low Risk of Cancer High Risk of Cancer Low Risk of Cancer Risk Characterization- Event tree

6. Risk Management and Communication Risk Management  Provision of safe drinking water to residents near Okhla landfill- safe drinking water to residents near Okhla landfill to avoid cancer risk in the proximate area by the Delhi Government.  Removal of the source term-  Leachate plume management  Leachate Reuse  Waste reduction Risk Communication Social media like internet, Facebook, WhatsApp, popular magazines, radio shows, etc should carry appropriate awareness about minimizing the waste generation and focusing on waste management to reduce the impact of risk. Expansion of hygiene and health education programs in affected communities. Facilitating behavior change via education, market and non-market incentives, and regular inspections.