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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM (ANATOMY)
CHAPTER # 10(c) THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM (ANATOMY)
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Nine muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on and move the humerus
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Some originate off the scapula; others originate off the axial skeleton Three are prime movers of the arm Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Deltoid Actions include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of humerus
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
PLAY A&P Flix™: Pectoralis major PLAY A&P Flix™: Latissimus dorsi PLAY A&P Flix™: Deltoid
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Four muscles are rotator cuff muscles Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Reinforce the capsule of the shoulder Act as synergists and fixators Two additional muscles are synergists: coracobrachialis and teres major
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that cross the glenohumeral joint PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement from the rotator cuff muscles (a) PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement from the rotator cuff muscles (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Teres Major
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Rotator Cuff Anatomy and Function
PLAY A&P Flix™: Subscapularis PLAY A&P Flix™: Supraspinatus PLAY A&P Flix™: Infraspinatus PLAY A&P Flix™: Teres minor PLAY A&P Flix™: Rotator cuff muscles
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii: Lateral head Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis (a) Anterior view Figure 10.14a
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Rotator Cuff Anatomy and Function
PLAY A&P Flix™: Scapular muscles of the glenohumeral joint (a) PLAY A&P Flix™: Axial muscles of the glenohumeral joint (a)
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Supraspinatus* Spine of scapula Deltoid (cut) Greater tubercle
of humerus Infraspinatus* Teres minor* Teres major Triceps brachii: Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna Anconeus (b) Posterior view * Rotator cuff muscles Figure 10.14b
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Rotator Cuff Anatomy and Function
PLAY A&P Flix™: Scapular muscles of the glenohumeral joint (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Axial muscles of the glenohumeral joint (b)
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Table Part 1
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Movement at the Glenohumeral Joint
PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the glenohumeral joint: An overview PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the glenohumeral joint (a) PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the glenohumeral joint (b)
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
Anterior flexor muscles Brachialis and biceps brachii—chief forearm flexors Brachioradialis—synergist and stabilizer PLAY A&P Flix™: The elbow joint and forearm: An overview PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the elbow joint (a)
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii: Lateral head Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis (a) Anterior view Figure 10.14a
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the elbow joint (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Biceps brachii PLAY A&P Flix™: Brachialis PLAY A&P Flix™: Brachioradialis
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
Posterior extensor muscles Triceps brachii—prime mover of forearm extension Anconeus—weak synergist
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Supraspinatus* Spine of scapula Deltoid (cut) Greater tubercle
of humerus Infraspinatus* Teres minor* Teres major Triceps brachii: Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna Anconeus (b) Posterior view * Rotator cuff muscles Figure 10.14b
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the elbow joint (c) PLAY A&P Flix™: Triceps brachii
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A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint
Lateral head Long head Triceps brachii Posterior compartment of arm (extends elbow); innervation: radial nerve Medial head Humerus Extensors Flexors Brachialis Others Short head Biceps brachii Long head (a) (a) Muscles of the arm Anterior compartment of arm (flexes elbow); innervation: musculocutaneous nerve PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint Figure 10.17a
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Table Part 2
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Actions: movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers
Muscles of the Forearm Actions: movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers Most anterior muscles are flexors and insert via the flexor retinaculum Most posterior muscles are extensors and insert via the extensor retinaculum PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the wrist and fingers: An overview
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Muscles of the Forearm Some forearm muscles act to produce pronation and supination of the forearm PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (a)
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Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus
Muscles of the Forearm Pronators: pronator teres and pronator quadratus Supinator: a synergist with the biceps brachii PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (c) PLAY A&P Flix™: Pronator teres PLAY A&P Flix™: Supinator
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Muscles of the Forearm: Anterior Compartment
Flexors Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum muscles (superficialis and profundus) Flexor pollicis longus PLAY A&P Flix™: Carpal tunnel
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Superficial transverse ligament of palm
Palmar aponeurosis Flexor retinaculum Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Pronator teres Tendon of biceps brachii Medial head of triceps brachii Biceps brachii (a) Figure 10.15a
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Muscles of the Forearm: Anterior Compartment
PLAY A&P Flix™: Anterior Muscles of the wrist and fingers (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Flexor carpi radialis PLAY A&P Flix™: Flexor carpi ulnaris PLAY A&P Flix™: Flexor digitorum superificalis
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Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis (cut) Tendon of flexor
digitorum profundus Lumbricals Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Thenar muscles of thumb Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris (cut) Pronator quadratus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Supinator (c) Figure 10.15c
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Muscles of the Forearm: Anterior Compartment
PLAY A&P Flix™: Anterior Muscles of the wrist and fingers (a)
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Muscles of the Forearm: Posterior Compartment
Extensors Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor pollicis brevis and longus Extensor indicis Abductor pollicis longus
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Tendons of extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus Extensor pollicis
expansion Tendons of extensor digitorum Tendons of extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus Insertion of triceps brachii Brachioradialis (a) Figure 10.16a
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Muscles of the Forearm: Posterior Compartment
PLAY A&P Flix™: Posterior Muscles of the wrist and fingers (b) PLAY A&P Flix™: Extensor carpi radialis longus PLAY A&P Flix™: Extensor carpi radialis brevis PLAY A&P Flix™: Extensor digitorum PLAY A&P Flix™: Extensor carpi ulnaris(c)
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Extensor pollicis brevis
Interossei Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Supinator Anconeus Olecranon process of ulna (b) Figure 10.16b
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Muscles of the Forearm: Posterior Compartment
PLAY A&P Flix™: Posterior Muscles of the wrist and fingers (a)
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Movements of the Wrist and Fingers
Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction PLAY A&P Flix™: Movements of the wrist and fingers (a) PLAY A&P Flix™: Movements of the wrist and fingers (b)
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Posterior compartment of forearm (extends wrist and fingers);
innervation: radial nerve Extensors Radius Ulna Abductor pollicis longus Others Pronator teres Flexors Brachioradialis (elbow flexor) (b) Muscles of the forearm (b) Extensors Flexors Anterior compartment of forearm (flexes wrist and fingers); innervation: median or ulnar nerve Others Figure 10.17b
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Figure Part 3
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Small weak muscles Lie entirely within the palm of the hand Control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers (e.g., threading a needle) Abductors and adductors of the fingers Produce opposition—move the thumb toward the little finger
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Finger and Thumb Movements
Flexion Thumb—bends medially along the palm Fingers—bend anteriorly Extension Thumb—points laterally Fingers—move posteriorly
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Three groups Thenar eminence (ball of the thumb) Hypothenar eminence (ball of the little finger) Each of the above groups has a flexor, an abductor, and an opponens muscle Midpalmar muscles: lumbricals and palmar and dorsal interossei extend the fingers Interossei muscles also abduct and adduct the fingers
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Flexor pollicis longus (a) First superficial layer
Tendons of: Flexor digitorum profundus Fibrous sheath Flexor digitorum superficialis Second lumbrical Dorsal interossei Third lumbrical First lumbrical Fourth lumbrical Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens digiti minimi Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens pollicis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum Pisiform bone Abductor pollicis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon Tendons of: Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Flexor carpi radialis Flexor pollicis longus (a) First superficial layer Figure 10.18a
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Abductor digiti minimi (cut)
Flexor digitorum profundus tendon Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon Dorsal interossei Palmar interossei Adductor pollicis Opponens digiti minimi Flexor pollicis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis (cut) Abductor pollicis brevis Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Opponens pollicis Flexor pollicis longus tendon (b) Second layer Figure 10.18b
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(c) Palmar interossei (isolated)
Figure 10.18c
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(d) Dorsal interossei (isolated)
Figure 10.18d
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
PLAY Animation: Rotatable hand
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