1. Advisor : Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng Student : Yi-Chen Lu 12009/6/26

2.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 2

3.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 3

4.  A WSN is composed of numerous inexpensive wireless sensor nodes, each of which is normally powered by batteries and has limited computing ability  Wireless sensor nodes are capable of not only collecting, storing, processing environmental information, but also communicating with neighboring nodes  Many research works have been dedicated to WSNs, such as routing, self-organization, deployment, and localization 4

5.  Multicast is a fundamental routing service of network communication  In WSN, a single message can be delivered to multiple destinations efficiently via multicast communication  In WSN, members may dynamically join and leave the groups 5 Fruits Area Drinks Area Join banana group Join coke group

6.  ZigBee is a cost-effective wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption, security, and reliability  Most WSN industries have adopted ZigBee as their communication protocol and developed numerous products 6

7.  In ZigBee, multicast members are physically separated by a hop distance of no more than MaxNonMemberRadius  ZigBee multicast exploits regional flooding to deliver the multicast message 7 Region bounded by MaxNonMemberRadius Member Another Member  Drawbacks of ZigBee multicast  Heavy traffic overhead  High energy cost  Unreliable

8.  Introduction  Related Work  Overlay Multicast  Geographic Multicast  Relay-Selection Multicast  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 8

9.  PAST-DM (Wireless Networks 2007)  Applying unicast leads to excessive energy consumption and redundant transmissions  AOM (ICPPW 2007)  Applying broadcast eliminates redundant transmissions  Packet header overhead  Overlay multicast needs extra cost to support dynamic member actions  Fixed delivery paths lead to single- node failure problem 9 redundant Destination List & Forwarder List 6 transmissions4 transmissions

10.  GMREE (COMCOM 2007)  Cost over progress ratio  Drawbacks  Packet header overhead  Location information must be available  Suffer from the face routing cost  Do not support dynamic member joining/leaving  Single-node failure problem 10

11.  Steiner-tree based multicast  BIP and MIP (MONET 2002) ▪ Based on Prim’s algorithm to find a minimum-cost spanning tree  NJT and TJT (COMCOM 2007 ) ▪ Minimum cost set cover heuristics  Single-node failure problem  Computing complexity is high  Centralized algorithm must keep global information  Do not support dynamic member joining/leaving  Source tree construction overhead 11 4 10 9 1 3 2 8 7 6 5 S 1234567 C1C2C3C4C5

12.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 12

13.  Due to the limited power resource, energy efficient multicast is a critical issue in WSN  ZigBee multicast is not only energy inefficient but also unreliable  Many approaches have been proposed to study on the energy efficient multicast issues in WSN 13

14.  However, these proposed approaches either have significant drawbacks or are not compatible with ZigBee  Single-node failure problem (all)  Do not support dynamic member joining/leaving (all)  Packet header overhead (overlay & geographic)  Location information (geographic)  High computing complexity (geographic & relay)  Must keep global information (relay-selection) 14

15.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 15

16.  Propose a multicast routing protocol which has the following features  ZigBee Compatible  Energy efficient ▪ Less energy consumption  Reliable ▪ Higher delivery ratio  Load balanced ▪ Avoid single-node failure problem ▪ Prolong the network lifetime  Support dynamic member joining/leaving 16

17.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 17

18. 18 Probabilistic Anycast Probabilistic Anycast Random Backoff Random Backoff Packet Forwarding Packet Forwarding Coverage Over Cost Ratio Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Residual Energy Forwarding Strategy Forwarding Strategy Ack Mechanism Ack Mechanism Multicast Information Table (MIT) Multicast Information Table (MIT)

19. 19 MIT Maitenance Radom Backoff Radom Backoff Discard Forward Rebroadcast Ack Mechanism Forwarding Strategy Initiate A Multicast Receive A Multicast Packet Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Wait for t wait Backoff for t b Multicasting

20.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  MIT Maintenance  Multicasting  Simulation  Conclusion 20

21.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  MIT Maintenance  Multicasting  Simulation  Conclusion 21

22.  Multicast Information Table (MIT)  Reachable members within MaxNonMemberRadius hops  Hop distances to the reachable members 22 MIT MemberHop Count m1m1 h1h1 m2m2 h2h2 …… mnmn hnhn

23. 23 HELLO MIT 11 151 MIT 14 151 MIT 10 151 MIT 12 151 MIT 18 151 HELLO MIT 25 152 MIT 20 152 MIT 21 152 MIT 17 152 MIT 16 152 MIT 3 152 MIT 9 152 MIT 13 152 Region bounded by MaxNonMemberRadius = 2 MIT 1 153 MIT 2 153 MIT 4 153 MIT 6 153 MIT 8 153 MIT 19 153 MIT 22 153 MIT 23 153 MIT 24 153 HELLO

24. 24 MIT 21 152 MIT 1 52 82 153 MIT 5 12 83 MIT 8 12 53 153 MIT 15 13 83 212 MaxNonMemberRadius = 2 MIT keeps the information of only the members located within the region bounded by MaxNonMemberRadius hops

25.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  MIT Maintenance  Multicasting  Simulation  Conclusion 25

26. 26 MIT Maitenance Radom Backoff Radom Backoff Discard Forward Rebroadcast Ack Mechanism Forwarding Strategy Initiate A Multicast Receive A Multicast Packet Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Wait for t wait Backoff for t b Multicasting

27.  Our protocol adopts a probabilistic anycast mechanism based on the coverage over cost ratio and each node’s residual energy  Our protocol is similar to the relay-selection approaches  However, the selection of relay nodes is determined by the receivers, rather than by the senders 27

28. Random Backoff Packet Forwarding 28 Probabilistic Anycast Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Forwarding Strategy Ack Mechanism Forwarding Strategy Ack Mechanism

29. 29 S  Node S multicasts a message  Node S’s neighbors, A, B, and C receive the message  Node A, B, and C back off for an interval which is calculated according to  The coverage over cost ratio  Its own residual energy  When the backoff timer expires  The node forwards the message if its destination set is not empty  The node does not forward the message if its destination set is empty B covers all my reachable members {Y}  As the network topology changes and the power of each node depletes, the set of forwarders will be different  Therefore, our protocol is able to achieve energy efficiency and load balance while avoiding single-node failure problem  After sending out the message, node S waits for a period of time t wait to confirm the forwarding status  Node S decides whether to retransmit the packet according to whether the forwarders cover all the destination members or not To X, Y, Z To X, Y To Z No retransmission because A, B, and C have covered X,Y, and Z C B A

30. 30 Multicast to {m 1, m 2, m 3 } ; the hop distance to them is {2, 2, 3 } Destination Set M = {m 1, m 2, m 3 } Distance Set H = {2, 2, 3 } The average residual energy of my neighbors is E avg Average residual energy of the neighbors = E avg MIT m1m1 2 m2m2 2 m3m3 3

31. 31 MIT S1 m2m2 3 m3m3 2 SX S m2m2 1 3 Roger that! Remove member originator/previous hop to avoid loop Remove the members which are further from me than from the previous hop to avoid detours MIT m1m1 2 m2m2 2 m3m3 3 Generate a random backoff period

32. 32 Random Backoff Packet Forwarding Probabilistic Anycast Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy Coverage Over Cost Ratio Residual Energy

33.  Coverage Over Cost Ratio  The coverage over cost ratio is targeted at reaching as many member nodes as possible while consuming as little energy as possible 33 X A B YC B A Number of covered members Estimated energy cost Superior in forwarding

34.  The backoff timer interval t b is generated randomly within the range [ 0, T]  With greater f value, T should be smaller  The single-node failure problem is still unsolved 34

35.  We further introduce the idea of load balance to our protocol  Therefore, a node which has more energy and covers more destination members with less energy cost has a better chance to generate a shorter backoff interval  The data delivery paths are dynamically adjusted during each propagation according to the instant network condition 35 Superior in forwarding

36. 36 Random Backoff Packet Forwarding Probabilistic Anycast Forwarding Strategy Ack Mechanism Forwarding Strategy Ack Mechanism

37. 37 S MIT m1m1 2 m2m2 2 m3m3 3 X Y Z S1 m2m2 3 m3m3 2 S1 m1m1 1 m2m2 1 S1 m1m1 1 Roger that! t wait Generate a random backoff period Wait for a period of time t wait m1m1 1 m3m3 m1m1 m2m2 3 2 2 m 1 is covered by node Y m 1 and m 2 are forwarded by node Y m 3 is forwarded by node X The members I want to forward to are all covered by other nodes All the destination members are forwarded

38.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 38

39. Simulation Environment Simulation Duration10 5 sec Area35m * 35m Number of Nodes100~500 (Random deployment) Number of Members10 (Randomly generated) MaxNonMemberRadius5 Transmission Range6m MACIEEE 802.15.4 MAC with unslotted CSMA-CA Max Backoff Interval5ms Transmission Rate250Kbps 39

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41.  Introduction  Related Work  Motivation  Goal  Protocol Design  Simulation  Conclusion 41

42.  Energy efficient multicast is a critical issue in WSN  Many approaches have been proposed, but they fail to achieve energy efficiency and load balance at the same time  We propose a ZigBee compatible multicast protocol  Energy efficient  Load balanced  Reliable  Support dynamic member joining/leaving  Simulation result shows that our protocol outperforms ZigBee in energy consumption and latency 42

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