1. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON1 CHAMELEON: A Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm Using Dynamic Modeling Paper presentation in data mining class Presenter : 許明壽 ; 蘇建仲 Data : 2001/12/18

2. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON2 About this paper … Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota George Karypis Eui-Honh (Sam) Han Vipin Kumar IEEE Computer Journal - Aug. 1999

3. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON3 Outline Problems definition Main algorithm Keys features of CHAMELEON Experiment and related worked Conclusion and discussion

4. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON4 Problems definition Clustering Intracluster similarity is maximized Intercluster similarity is minimized Problems of existing clustering algorithms Static model constrain Breakdown when clusters that are of diverse shapes ， densities ， and sizes Susceptible to noise, outliers, and artifacts

5. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON5 Static model constrain Data space constrain K means, PAM … etc Suitable only for data in metric spaces Cluster shape constrain K means, PAM, CLARANS Assume cluster as ellipsoidal or globular and are similar sizes Cluster density constrain DBScan Points within genuine cluster are density-reachable and point across different clusters are not Similarity determine constrain CURE, ROCK Use static model to determine the most similar cluster to merge

6. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON6 Partition techniques problem (a) Clusters of widely different sizes (b) Clusters with convex shapes

7. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON7 Hierarchical technique problem (1/2) The {(c), (d)} will be choose to merge when we only consider closeness

8. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON8 Hierarchical technique problem (2/2) The {(a), (c)} will be choose to merge when we only consider inter- connectivity

9. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON9 Main algorithm Two phase algorithm PHASE I Use graph partitioning algorithm to cluster the data items into a large number of relatively small sub- clusters. PHASE II Uses an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm to find the genuine clusters by repeatedly combining together these sub-clusters.

10. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON10 Framework

11. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON11 Keys features of CHAMELEON Modeling the data Modeling the cluster similarity Partition algorithms Merge schemes

12. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON12 Terms Arguments needed K K-nearest neighbor graph MINSIZE The minima size of initial cluster T RI Threshold of related inter-connectivity T RC Threshold of related intra-connectivity α Coefficient for weight of RI and RC

13. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON13 Modeling the data K-nearest neighbor graph approach Advantages Data points that are far apart are completely disconnected in the G k G k capture the concept of neighborhood dynamically The edge weights of dense regions in G k tend to be large and the edge weights of sparse tend to be small

14. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON14 Example of k-nearest neighbor graph

15. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON15 Modeling the clustering similarity (1/2) Relative interconnectivity Relative closeness

16. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON16 Modeling the clustering similarity (2/2) If related is considered, {(c), (d)} will be merged

17. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON17 Partition algorithm (PHASE I) What Finding the initial sub-clusters Why RI and RC can’t be accurately calculated for clusters containing only a few data points How Utilize multilevel graph partitioning algorithm (hMETIS) Coarsening phase Partitioning phase Uncoarsening phase

18. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON18 Partition algorithm (cont.) Initial all points belonging to the same cluster Repeat until (size of all clusters < MINSIZE) Select the largest cluster and use hMETIS to bisect Post scriptum Balance constrain Spilt Ci into C iA and C iB and each sub-clusters contains at least 25% of the node of C i

19. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON19

20. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON20 What Merging sub-clusters using a dynamic framework How Finding and merging the pair of sub-clusters that are the most similar Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Merge schemes (Phase II) and

21. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON21 Experiment and related worked Introduction of CURE Introduction of DBSCAN Results of experiment Performance analysis

22. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON22 Introduction of CURE (1/n) Clustering Using Representative points 1. Properties : Fit for non-spherical shapes. Shrinking can help to dampen the effects of outliers. Multiple representative points chosen for non-spherical Each iteration, representative points shrunk ratio related to merge procedure by some scattered points chosen Random sampling in data sets is fit for large databases

23. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON23 Introduction of CURE (2/n) 2. Drawbacks : Partitioning method can not prove data points chosen are good. Clustering accuracy with respect to the parameters below : (1) Shrink factor s : CURE always find the right clusters by range of s values from 0.2 to 0.7. (2) Number of representative points c : CURE always found right clusters for value of c greater than 10. (3) Number of Partitions p : with as many as 50 partitions, CURE always discovered the desired clusters. (4) Random Sample size r :  (a) for sample size up to 2000, clusters found poor quality  (b) from 2500 sample points and above, about 2.5% of the data set size, CURE always correctly find the clusters.

24. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON24 3. Clustering algorithm : Representative points

25. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON25 Merge procedure

26. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON26 Introduction of DBSCAN (1/n) Density Based Spatial Clustering of Application With Noise 1. Properties : Can discovery clusters of arbitrary shape. Each cluster with a typical density of points which is higher than outside of cluster. The density within the areas of noise is lower than the density in any of the clusters. Input the parameters MinPts only Easy to implement in C++ language using R*-tree Runtime is linear depending on the number of points. Time complexity is O(n * log n)

27. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON27 Introduction of DBSCAN (2/n) 2. Drawbacks : Cannot apply to polygons. Cannot apply to high dimensional feature spaces. Cannot process the shape of k-dist graph with multi- features. Cannot fit for large database because no method applied to reduce spatial database. 3. Definitions Eps-neighborhood of a point p NEps(p)={q€D | dist(p,q)<=Eps} Each cluster with MinPts points

28. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON28 Introduction of DBSCAN (3/n) 4. p is directly density-reachable from q (1) p€ NEps(q) and (2) | NEps(q) | >=MinPts (core point condition) We know directly density-reachable is symmetric when p and q both are core point, otherwise is asymmetric if one core point and one border point. 5. p is density-reachable from q if there is a chain of points between p and q Density-reachable is transitive, but not symmetric Density-reachable is symmetric for core points.

29. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON29 Introduction of DBSCAN (4/n) 6. A point p is density-connected to a point q if there is a point s such that both p and q are density-reachable from s. Density-connected is symmetric and reflexive relation A cluster is defined to be a set of density-connected points which is maximal density-reachability. Noise is the set of points not belong to any of clusters. 7. How to find cluster C ? Maximality ∆ p, q : if p€ C and q is density-reachable from p, then q € C Connectivity ∆ p, q € C : p is density-connected to q 8. How to find noises ? ∆ p, if p is not belong to any clusters, then p is noise point

30. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON30 Results of experiment

31. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON31 Performance analysis (1/2) The time of construct the k-nearest neighbor Low-dimensional data sets based on k-d trees, overall complexity of O(n log n) High-dimensional data sets based on k-d trees not applicable, overall complexity of O(n 2 ) Finding initial sub-clusters Obtains m clusters by repeated partitioning successively smaller graphs, overall computational complexity is O(n log (n/m)) Is bounded by O(n log n) A faster partitioning algorithm to obtain the initial m clusters in time O(n+m log m) using multilevel m-way partitioning algorithm

32. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON32 Performance analysis (2/2) Merging sub-clusters using a dynamic framework The time of compute the internal inter-connectivity and internal closeness for each initial cluster is which is O(nm) The time of the most similar pair of clusters to merge is O(m2 log m) by using a heap-based priority queue So overall complexity of CHAMELEON’s is O(n log n + nm + m2 log m)

33. 2001/12/18CHAMELEON33 Conclusion and discussion Dynamic model with related interconnectivity and closeness This paper ignore the issue of scaling to large data Other graph representation methodology?? Other Partition algorithm??