1. Graph Traversals

2. For solving most problems on graphs –Need to systematically visit all the vertices and edges of a graph Two major traversals –Breadth-First Search (BFS) –Depth-First Search(DFS)

3. BFS Starts at some source vertex s Discover every vertex that is reachable from s Also produces a BFS tree with root s and including all reachable vertices Discovers vertices in increasing order of distance from s –Distance between v and s is the minimum number of edges on a path from s to v i.e. discovers vertices in a series of layers

4. BFS : vertex colors stored in color[] Initially all undiscovered: white When first discovered: gray –They represent the frontier of vertices between discovered and undiscovered –Frontier vertices stored in a queue –Visits vertices across the entire breadth of this frontier When processed: black

5. Additional info stored (some applications of BFS need this info) pred[u]: points to the vertex which first discovered u d[u]: the distance from s to u

6. BFS(G=(V,E),s) for each (u in V) color[u] = white d[u] = infinity pred[u] = NIL color[s] = gray d[s] = 0 Q.enqueue(s) while (Q is not empty) do u = Q.dequeue() for each (v in Adj[u]) do if (color(v] == white) then color[v] = gray //discovered but not yet processed d[v] = d[u] + 1 pred[v] = u Q.enqueue(v) //added to the frontier color[u] = black //processed

7. Chapter 12: Graphs7 Example C B A E D discovery edge cross edge A visited vertex A identified vertex unexplored edge F CB A E D F CB A E D F

8. Chapter 12: Graphs8 Example (cont.) CB A E D F CB A E D F CB A E D F CB A E D F

9. Chapter 12: Graphs9 Example (cont.) CB A E D F L2L2 CB A E D F CB A E D F CB A E D F

10. Analysis Each vertex is enqued once and dequeued once : Θ(n) Each adjacency list is traversed once: Total: Θ(n+m)

11. BFS Tree predecessor pointers after BFS is completed define an inverted tree –Reverse edges: BFS tree rooted at s –The edges of the BFS tree are called : discovery (tree) edges –Remaining graph edges are called: cross edges

12. BFS and shortest paths Theorem: Let G=(V,E) be a directed or undirected graph, and suppose BFS is run on G starting from vertex s. During its execution BFS discovers every vertex v in V that is reachable from s. Let δ(s,v) denote the number of edges on the shortest path form s to v. Upon termination of BFS, d[v] = δ(s,v) for all v in V.

13. DFS Start at a source vertex s Search as far into the graph as possible and backtrack when there is no new vertices to discover –recursive

14. color[u] and pred[u] as before color[u] –Undiscovered: white –Discovered but not finished processing: gray –Finished: black pred[u] –Pointer to the vertex that first discovered u

15. Time stamps, We store two time stamps: –d[u]: the time vertex u is first discovered (discovery time) –f[u]: the time we finish processing vertex u (finish time)

16. DFS(G) for each (u in V) do color[u] = white pred[u] = NIL time = 0 for each (u in V) do if (color[u] == white) DFS-VISIT(u) //vertex u is just discovered color[u] = gray time = time +1 d[u] = time for each (v in Adj[u]) do //explore neighbor v if (color[v] == white) then //v is discovered by u pred[v] = u DFS-VISIT(v) color[u] = black // u is finished f[u] = time = time+ 1 DFS-VISIT invoked by each vertex exactly once. Θ(V+E)

17. DFS Forest Tree edges: inverse of pred[] pointers –Recursion tree, where the edge (u,v) arises when processing a vertex u, we call DFS-VISIT(v) Remaining graph edges are classified as: Back edges: (u, v) where v is an ancestor of u in the DFS forest (self loops are back edges) Forward edges: (u, v) where v is a proper descendent of u in the DFS forest Cross edges: (u,v) where u and v are not ancestors or descendents of one another. D B A C E s

18. If DFS run on an undirected graph No difference between back and forward edges: all called back edges No cross edges: can you see why?

19. Parenthesis Theorem In any DFS of a graph G= (V,E), for any two vertices u and v, exactly one of the following three conditions holds: –The intervals [d[u],f[u]] and [d[v],f[v]] are entirely disjoint and neither u nor v is a descendent of the other in the DFS forest – The interval [d[u],f[u]] is contained within interval [d[v],f[v]] and u is a descendent of v in the DFS forest –The interval [d[v],f[v]] is contained within interval [d[u],f[u]] and v is a descendent of u in the DFS forest

20. How can we use DFS to determine whether a graph contains any cycles?