1. Software Requirements and the Requirements Engineering Process Chapters 5 and 6

2. References Software Engineering. Ian Sommerville. 6th edition. Pearson. Code Complete. Steve McConnell. (CC) The art of requirements triage. Alan M. Davis. Computer. IEEE. March 2003. Testing whether requirements are right. Robin F. Goldsmith, JD. Go Pro Management Inc. NYC Spin Meeting. December 2004. (RG) Software Requirements. Karl E. Wieger. Windows Press. Dr. Gotel’s research web page Dr. Barrett’s slides, NYU

3. What is a requirement? It is about WHAT not HOW Nothing can be said obvious Requirements are the descriptions of the services provided by a system and its operational constraints It may range from a high level abstract statement to a detailed mathematical specification It may be as complex as a 500 pages of description It may serve as the basis for a bid for a contract or the basis for the contract itself

4. What is requirements engineering? It is the process of discovering, analyzing, documenting and validating the requirements of the system Each software development process goes through the phase of requirements engineering

5. Why requirements? What are the advantages of a complete set of documented requirements? Ensures the user (not the developer) drives system functionalities Helps avoiding confusion and arguments Helps minimizing the changes Changes in requirements are expensive. Changing the requirements costs: 3 x as much during the design phase 5-10 x as much during implementation 10-100 x as much after release [Code Complete, p30]

6. Why requirements? 2/3 of finished system errors are requirements and design errors [RG] A careful requirements process doesn’t mean there will be no changes later Average project experiences about 25% changes in the requirements This accounts for 70-80% if the rework of the project [Code Complete, p40] Important to plan for requirements changes The case of critical applications

7. Different levels of abstraction User requirements (abstract +) Usually the first attempt for the description of the requirements Services and constraints of the system In natural language or diagrams Readable by everybody Serve business objectives System requirements (abstract -) Services and constraints of the system in detail Useful for the design and development Precise and cover all cases Structured presentation

8. Example User requirement: The library system should provide a way to allow a patron to borrow a book from the library. System requirement: The library system should provide a withdraw interaction that allows a patron to withdraw a book given the isbn and copy number of the book to be withdrawn. The interaction fails if: the book is already withdrawn, the book is not in the library's collection, the patron has already withdrawn 5 books, the patron owes more than $5, the book is on hold by someone else. Otherwise…(To be completed)

9. Types of requirements Functional requirements Services the system should provide What the system should do or not in reaction to particular situations Non-functional requirements Constraints on the services or functions offered by the system Examples: Timing constraints, constraints on the development process (CASE, language, development method…), standards etc Domain requirements From the application domain of the system May be functional or non-functional Examples: Medicine, library, physics, chemistry Note: You can have user/system functional/non-functional requirements.

10. User requirements First attempt to describe functional and non- functional requirements Understandable by the user Problems: Lack of clarity - ambiguous language Requirements confusion - functional, non-functional requirements, design information are not distinguished Requirements amalgamation – several requirements are defined as a single one Incompleteness – requirements may be missing Inconsistency – requirements may contradict themselves

11. User requirements Guideline to minimize the issues: Separate requirements – separate the requirements, separate functional and non-functional requirements, requirements must be clearly identified (e.g. by a number) Include a rationale for each requirement – helps clarify reasoning behind the requirements and may be useful for evaluating potential changes in the requirements Invent or use a standard form/template Distinguish requirements priorities Example: MoSCoW (Must, Shall, Could, Want/Will (no TBD)) Avoid technical jargon Testable (write test cases) Deliverables

12. System requirements Elaborate the user requirements to get a precise, detailed and complete version of them Used by designers and developers An important aspect is how to present/write system requirements Natural language is often used! The difference between user and system requirements must not be thought as a detail

13. System requirements Example: If sales for current month are below target sales, then report is to be printed unless difference between target sales and actual sales is less than half of difference between target sales and actual sales in previous month, or if difference between target sales and actual sales for the current month is less than 5%. Problems: Difficult to read Ambiguity: sales and actual sales, 5% of what? Incomplete: what if sales are above target sales?

14. Writing system requirements Natural language (informal requirements) Reviled by academics But widely practiced: everybody can read them, finding a better notation is hard Structured natural language Forms/templates are used to bring some rigor to natural language presentations Graphical notations Using boxes, arrows… but they mean different things to different people Formal specification Based on logic, state machines… Hard to understand for many people

15. An analogy Archimedes (ca. 250 bc) Any sphere is equal to 4 times the cone which has its base equal to the greatest circle in the sphere and its height equal to the radius of the sphere. Today V = 4/3 pi r 3 How is this bit of history relevant for software requirements? Formal is better only if everybody understands it It may take a long time to find a good notation Software requirements is an area of research

16. Non-functional requirements They can be further categorized into: Product requirements Product behavior Ex: Timing, performance, memory, reliability, portability, usability Organizational requirements Policies and procedures in the customer’s and developer’s organizations Example: Process requirements, implementation requirements, delivery requirements External requirements Factors externals to the system and the development process Example: Interoperability, legislation, ethics Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. (The system may be useless…)

17. Non-functional requirements

18. It is important to be able to test/verify/check non-functional requirements

19. Requirements documents The library system requirements document (Available in the Blackboard) Very readable Some ambiguities Examples of templates (Available in the Blackboard): Microsoft template. Karl E. Wiegers. Software Requirements. Windows Press. Volere template http://www.volere.co.uk

20. Requirement engineering 5 important activities: Feasibility study Requirements elicitation and analysis Requirements documentation Requirements validation Requirements management

21. Requirement engineering

22. Feasibility study It is done at first to decide whether or not the project is worthwhile Look at different perspectives: Market analysis, financial, schedule, technical, resource, legal… Should make you aware of the risks

23. Feasibility study Doing the study Consult information sources: managers, software engineers, end users… Based on information collection (interviews, surveys, questionnaires…) Should be short (2-3 weeks) 2 examples of feasibility studies are posted in the Blackboard

24. Feasibility study What if the system wasn’t implemented? What are current process problems? Do technical resources exist? What is the risk associated with the technology? Is new technology needed? What skills? How will the proposed project help? How does the proposed project contribute to the overall objectives of the organization? Have the benefits identified with the system being identified clearly?

25. Feasibility study What will be the integration problems? What facilities must be supported by the system? What is the risk associated with cost and schedule? What are the potential disadvantages/advantages? Are there legal issues? Are there issues linked with the fact that this is an offshore project? …