1. Manivong J. Ratts KristiAnna Santos
Career Counseling:
Foundations, Perspectives, and Applications
edited by David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffer
Chapter Four Career Counseling Without Borders: Moving Beyond Traditional Career Practices of Helping
Manivong J. Ratts
KristiAnna Santos

2. Introduction Demographic trend toward greater diversity
Counselors prepare for multicultural and advocacy needs

3. Definitions
Multiculturalism has historically been used to refer to racial and ethnic individual and group differences.
Diversity refers to individual and group differences based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, economic class, religion, spiritual orientation, age, and disability status, to list a few.

4. Definitions
Race is a social construct that categorizes individuals based on skin pigmentation and other physical attributes.
Ethnicity has to do with an individual’s identification with a cultural group based on factors such as country of origin, language, sociopolitical history, and religion.

5. Definitions
Individual, group, universal dimensions of existence (Sue & Sue, 2008)
Individual – uniqueness of a person
Group – commonalities of experiences individuals have as a result of being a member cultural group
Universal – all human beings have regardless of individual or group needs

6. Definitions
Oppression exists when one social group exploits another social group for its own benefit. Oppression is distinct from a situation of simple brute force or control. It is first and foremost a systematic phenomenon that involves ideological domination, institutional control, and the promulgation of the dominant group's ideology of domination and culture on the oppressed. Oppression is simply not an ideology or set of beliefs that asserts one group's superiority over another. Nor is it random acts of discrimination or harassment toward members of the subordinate group. It is a system of domination with many interlocking parts. (Hardiman & Jackson,1982, p. 2)

7. Definitions
Fouad, Gerstein, and Toporek (2006) define social justice as “the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within a society” (p. 1).
Social justice counseling is both a goal and a process.

8. Definitions
Multicultural counseling is “a helping process that relies on both universal and culture-specific techniques to meet goals that are consistent with client values; recognizes individual, group and universal dimensions of client identity; and integrates client worldview into the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client’s and client systems” (Rubel & Ratts, 2007, p. 50).

9. Multicultural Competencies in Counseling
Multicultural Competencies (MCCs)
Own cultural values and biases
Client’s worldview
Culturally appropriate intervention strategies

10. Limitations of Traditional Career Theories
Traditional career development theories often
Emphasizes “person variables” and dimensions over context and culture
Theories are often in direct conflict to cultural values (e.g., self-determination, centrality of work, masculinity).
Does not adequately account for external barriers related to oppression

11. Limitations of Traditional Career Theories
Traditional career development theories often overlook barriers
Racial discrimination
Sexual discrimination
Limited financial resources
Parental influence
Low grades
Difficulty entering first job

12. Systems Approach
A systems approach to career counseling was important because it emphasized “both the parts within a whole system and view the whole system as greater than the sum of its parts” (Arthur & McMahon, 2005, p. 209).

13. Advocacy Advocacy is the process of taking action to empower clients.
The ACA Advocacy competencies provide a framework for career counselors to enact advocacy strategies.

14. Advocacy Competency Domains
Client/
Student
School/
Community
Public
Arena
Acting
With
Client/Student
Empowerment
Community
Collaboration
Public
Information
Client/Student
Advocacy
Systems
Advocacy
Social/Political
Advocacy
Acting On
Behalf
Microlevel
Macrolevel
(Lewis, Arnold, House & Toporek, 2002, p. 1)

15. Working With Clients
View clients within the context of their environment
Explore whether client problems are connected to oppressive social, political and economic conditions
Move beyond traditional models of helping when working with culturally diverse clients

16. Understanding Clients
Through a sociopolitical framework
Through Identity development
Through worldview

17. Example Model
Swanson and Fouad’s (1990) model on culturally appropriate career counseling
Culturally appropriate relationship
Identify career issues

18. Example Model
Swanson and Fouad’s (1990) model (Cont.)
Assess the impact of cultural variables on career issues
Set culturally appropriate processes and goals

19. Example Model
Swanson and Fouad’s (1990) model (Cont.)
Implement culturally appropriate interventions
Decision making
Implementation

20. References
Arthur, N., & McMahon, M. (2005). Multicultural career counseling: Theoretical applications of the systems theory framework. The Career Development Quarterly, 53,
Fouad, N. A., Gerstein, L. H., & Toporek, R. L. (2006). Social justice and counseling psychology in context. In R. L. Toporek, L. H. Gerstein, N. A. Fouad, G. Roysircar & T. Israel (Eds.), Handbook for social justice in counseling psychology: Leadership, vision, and action (pp. 1-16). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Hardiman, R., & Jackson, B. (1982). Oppression: Conceptual and developmental analysis. In M. Adams, P. Brigham, P. Dalpes & L. Marchesani (Eds.), Social diversity and social justice- Diversity and oppression: Conceptual frameworks (pp. 1-6). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.
Lewis, J. A., Arnold, M. S., House, R. & Toporek, R. L. (2002). Advocacy competencies: Task force on advocacy competencies. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling
Rubel, D., & Ratts, M. (2007). Diversity and social justice issues in counseling and psychotherapy. In D. Capuzzi & D. R. Gross (Eds.), Counseling and psychotherapy: Theories and interventions (4th ed., pp ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Swanson, J. A., & Fouad, N. A. (1999). Career theory and practice: Learning through case studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.