1. CSE331: Introduction to Networks and Security Lecture 10 Fall 2002

2. CSE331 Fall 20022 Announcements HW 2 Graded –Mean 82 –Pick up after class

3. CSE331 Fall 20023 Recap Domain Name System IPv4 Routing –RIP – Routing Information Protocol –OSPF – Open Shortest Path First

4. CSE331 Fall 20024 Today Interdomain Routing IPv6 UDP & TCP

5. CSE331 Fall 20025 Interdomain Routing EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol –Early; constrained Internet to tree and hence shares some problems of bridging (scalability, path exploitation, etc. ….. ) Internet tree structure circa 1990.

6. CSE331 Fall 20026 Backbone Service Provider Today’s Multibackbone Internet Backbone Service Provider Consumer ISP Large Corporation Small Company Peering point

7. CSE331 Fall 20027 BGP - Border Gateway Protocol Arbitrary topology Interconnected of Administrative Domains –local traffic: originates or terminates in A.D. –transit traffic: passes through –stub: one A.D.-A.D. link –multihomed: multiple A.D. links, no transit –transit: connections to other A.D.s; carry transit

8. CSE331 Fall 20028 BGP Continued AD Connectivity –A border gateway is an IP router that forwards packets between A.D.s –A.D. has one “BGP speaker” Border Gateway Protocol –Advertises reachability, not costs –Advertises complete paths between A.D.s Needed for policy decisions like “Use provider B” Helps detect loops –Not LSP or DV. –Router state ~# A.D.s, hence large

9. CSE331 Fall 20029 Next Generation IP (IPv6 or IPng) Lots of addresses (128 bits) Real-time Security Autoconfiguration Mobile hosts and other enhanced routing functions

10. CSE331 Fall 200210 Packet Format Next Header/Data Ver. Prio FlowLabel PayloadLEN NextHeader HopLimit Source Address (128 bits) Destination Address (128 bits) 031

11. CSE331 Fall 200211 Protocol Stack Revisited Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical UDP and TCP/IP So far…

12. CSE331 Fall 200212 Application vs. Network

13. CSE331 Fall 200213 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Simplest transport-layer protocol Just exposes IP packet functionality to application level Ports identify sending/receiving process –Demultiplexing information –(port, host) pair identifies a network process SrcPortDestPort LengthChecksum IP Packet Data 01631

14. CSE331 Fall 200214 UDP End-to-End Model Multiplexing/Demultiplexing with Port number UDP Sender (Multiplexer) UDP Receiver (Demultiplexer) Application

15. CSE331 Fall 200215 Using Ports Client contacts Server at a well-known port –DNS: port 53 –POP3: port 110 –Unix talk : port 517 –In unix, ports are listed in /etc/services Sometimes Client and Server agree on a different port for subsequent communication Ports are an abstraction –Implemented differently on different OS’s –Typically a message queue

16. CSE331 Fall 200216 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Most widely used protocol for reliable byte streams –Reliable, in-order delivery of a stream of bytes –Full duplex: pair of streams, one in each direction –Flow and congestion control mechanisms –Like UDP, supports ports Built on top of IP (hence TCP/IP)

17. CSE331 Fall 200217 TCP End-to-End Model Buffering corrects errors but may introduce delays Application TCP Sender: Send Buffers TCP Receiver Receive Buffers segment

18. CSE331 Fall 200218 Packet Format Flags –SYN –FIN –RESET –PUSH –URG –ACK Fields SequenceNum SrcPort DstPort Options (variable) Checksum UrgPtr HL 0 Flags Advert.Wind. Acknowledgment 0 15 31 DATA

19. CSE331 Fall 200219 Three-Way Handshake

20. CSE331 Fall 200220 TCP State Transitions

21. CSE331 Fall 200221 TCP Receiver Maintains a buffer from which application reads Advertises < buffer size as the window for sliding window Responds with Acknowledge and AdvertisedWindow on each send; updates byte counts when data O.K. Application blocked until read() O.K.

22. CSE331 Fall 200222 TCP Sender Maintains a buffer; sending application is blocked until room in the buffer for its write Holds data until acknowledged by receiver as successfully received Implement window expansion and contraction; note difference between flow and congestion control

23. CSE331 Fall 200223 Flow vs. Congestion Control Flow control protects the recipient from being overwhelmed. Congestion control protects the network from being overwhelmed.

24. CSE331 Fall 200224 TCP Congestion Control Additive Increase / Multiplicative Decrease Slow Start Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery

25. CSE331 Fall 200225 Increase and Decrease A value CongestionWindow is used to control the number of unacknowledged transmissions. This value is increased linearly until timeouts for ACKs are missed. When timeouts occur, CongestionWindow is decreased by half to reduce the pressure on the network quickly. The strategy is called “additive increase / multiplicative decrease”.

26. CSE331 Fall 200226 Additive Increase

27. CSE331 Fall 200227 TCP Sawtooth Pattern Time KB

28. CSE331 Fall 200228 Slow Start Sending the entire window immediately could cause a traffic jam in the network. Begin “slowly” by setting the congestion window to one packet. When acknowledgements arrive, double the congestion window. Continue until ACKs do not arrive or flow control dominates.

29. CSE331 Fall 200229 Slow Start