Ch. 7 The Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage

Ch. 7 The Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage
(ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Ch. 7 The Skeleton Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges Figure 7.1a

Skeletal System Composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
Accounts for 20% of body mass 30 lbs in a 160 lb person Bones – most of skeleton Cartilage – isolated areas – nose, parts of ribs, joints Ligaments – connect bones and reinforce joints Joints – allow for motility

Axial Skeleton 80 bones segregated into 3 major regions
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage Forms: Longitudinal axis of body Supports head, neck, and trunk Protects brain, spinal cord, and organs of the thorax

Skull Body’s most complex bone structure
Formed by cranial and facial bones – 22 in all Cranium – cranial bones Enclose and protect the brain Attachment sites for head and neck muscles

Skull Facial Bones Form framework of the face
Contain cavities for special sense organs – sight, taste, and smell Provide openings for air and food passage Secure the teeth Anchor facial muscles of expression

Skull Bones Most are flat bones except for mandible
firmly united by interlocking joints – sutures Major sutures – Coronal Sagittal Squamous lambdoid

Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Figure 7.2a

Skull - Overview Lopsided, hallow, bony sphere Anterior – facial bones
Rest – cranium Cranium – divided into vault and base Cranial vault – calvaria – forms superior, lateral, and posterior aspects Cranial base or floor – inferior aspect - internal bony ridges – anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae Brian fits in snuggly

(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae Figure 7.2b

Skull - Overview Smaller cavities – 85 names openings –
Middle and inferior ear Nasal cavities and orbits 85 names openings – Formina Canals Fissures, Etc. Passageway for spinal cord, blood vessels, and cranial nerves (I-XII)

Cranium 8 bones 1. Frontal Bone – anterior cranium
Articulates posteriorly with paired parietal bones via – coronal suture Anterior part – vertical squamous part – forehead Extends posteriorly forming superior walls of orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa – supports frontal lobes of the brain Subraorbital margin – pierced by supraorbital forman (notch) which allows artery and nerve to pass to forehead Smooth portion between orbits – glabella Just inferior – meets nasal bones at frontonasal suture Frontal sinuses

Frontal bone Glablla Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (noch)
Supraorbital margin (a) Anterior view Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a

Cranium 2. Parietal Bones 2 large bones
Curved, rectangular bones form most of the superior and lateral aspects Bulk of the cranial vault 4 largest sutures where parietal bones articulate Coronal suture – parietal meets frontal Sagittal suture – parietals meets superiorly Lambboid suture – parietal meets occipital posteriorly Squamous suture – parietal and temporal meet at lateral aspect

Parietal bone Parietal bone Figure 7.4a

Cranium 3. Occipital Bone Forms most of skulls posterior wall and base
Articulates anteriorly with paired parietal and temporal – lambdoid and occipitomastoid sutures Joins sphenoid bone in cranial floor Projection – pharyngeal tubercle

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Occipital bone (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Figure 7.5a

Cranium 3. Occipital Bone
Internally – forms walls of posterior cranial fossa – supports cerebellum Base – foramen magnum – through which brain connects with spinal cord Flanked laterally by 2 occipital condyles – aciculate with first vertebrae – permits nodding Hypoglossal canal – cranial nerve XII passes External occipital protuberance – median protrusion Other ridges and crests mark bones

Occipital bone (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Figure 7.5a

Cranium 4. Temporal Bones –
Line inferior to parietal bones and meet them at squamous sutures Form inferolateral aspects of skull and part of the cranial floor Complicated shape – 4 major areas (regions) Squamous, mastoid, tympanic, and petrous

Temporal bone (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Figure 7.5a

Cranium 4. Temporal Bones – Squamous Region – abuts squamous suture
Bar like zygomatic process – meets zygomatic bones of the face Form zygomatic arch – projections of cheek Mandibular fossa – receive lower jawbone – forms temporomandibular joint

Squamous region External acoustic meatus Mastoid region
Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Tympanic region Styloid process Figure 7.8

Tympanic region – surrounds external acoustic meatus – external ear canal Below- needle like styloid process – attachment for tongue and neck muscles

Mastoid Region – mastoid process – anchoring site for neck muscles Stylomastoid foramen – allow cranial nerve VII to leave skull Middle cranial fossa – sphenoid and petrous Supports temporal bones of brain

Carinum 4. Temporal Bones –
Several foramen - jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, XI Carotid canal – carotid artery Foramen lacerum – closed by cartilage in living room Internal acoustic meatus – cranial nerves VII & VIII

Cranium 5. Sphenoid Bone – bat shaped
Spans width of middle cranial fossa Central wedge – articulates with all the other cranial bones Central body and 3 pairs of processes Greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes With in the body – paired sphenoid sinuses

Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen Greater
rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid (a) Superior view Figure 7.9a

Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Greater wing
Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view Figure 7.9b

Cranium 6. Ethmoid Bone – complex shape
Lies between sphenoid and nasal bones Superior surface – cribriform plates Crista galli – triangular processes Perpendicular plate – part of nasal septum Lateral mass – ethmoid sinuses

Crista galli Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Orbital plate
Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Figure 7.10

Cranium 7. Sutural Bones –
Thin irregularly shaped bones with in sutures Vary in numbers Not in all skulls Unknown significance

Thin irregularly shaped bones with in sutures
Sutural bone 7. Sutural Bones – Thin irregularly shaped bones with in sutures Vary in numbers Not in all skulls Unknown significance Figure 7.4b

Facial Bones 14 bones Only mandible and vomer unpaired
Men – more elongated than women Women – rounder and less angular

Facial Bones - Mandible
Lower jawbone Longest and strongest Forms chin 2 upright rami – meet body posterior at mandibular angle Top groove – notch Body – anchors lower teeth Alveolar margin – contains sockets where teeth are embedded

(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view Figure 7.11a

Facial Bones – Maxillary Bones
Maxillae Fused medially Form upper jaw and central portion of face Upper teeth – alveolar margins

(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view Figure 7.11b

Cheek bone and part of inferolateral margins of orbits
Irregularly shaped Cheek bone and part of inferolateral margins of orbits Zygomatic bone (a) Anterior view Figure 7.4a

Facial Bones – Nasal Bones
Thin, rectangular, bridge of nose Attach to cartilage of external nose

Facial Bones – Nasal Bones
Thin, rectangular, bridge of nose Attach to cartilage of external nose Figure 7.5a

Facial Bones – Lacrimal Bones
Delicate, fingernail shaped Contribute to medial walls of each orbit Deep grove – lacrimal fossa – allows tears to drain Lacrimal bone (a) Anterior view Figure 7.4a

Facial Bones – Palatine Bones
2 bony plates – horizontal and perpendicular 3 processes – pyramidal, sphenoidal, and orbital Horizontal plate – hard palate Perpendicular – walls of nasal cavity and small part of orbits

Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
(palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.6a

Vomer Slender, plow shaped In nasal cavity and small part of orbit
Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Vomer Slender, plow shaped In nasal cavity and small part of orbit (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Figure 7.6a

Inferior Nasal Conchae
Nasal bone Thin, curved bones in nasal cavity Wall of nasal cavity Figure 7.14a

Hyoid Bone Not really part of skull U shaped
Inferior to mandible in anterior neck Does not articulate directly with any other bone Horseshoe shaped

The Vertebral Column Spine or spinal column
26 irregular bones connected in a flexible curved shape Skull  pelvis Infant – 33 bones Adult – 9 fuse  24 bones

Figure 7.16 C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous
process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1–T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1–L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view Figure 7.16

The Vertebral Column Regions – ~ 70 cm long (28 inches)
5 major regions Cervical region (7) Thoracic region (12) Lumbar region (5) Sacrum coccyx

The Vertebral Column Curvatures -
cervical and lumbar curvatures – concave posteriorly Thoracic and sacral – convex posteriorly

Figure 7.16 C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous
process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1–T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1–L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view Figure 7.16

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
some present at birth Others disease, poor posture, unequal muscle pull 1. Scoliosis – “twisted disease” abnormal lateral curvature in the thoracic region Treated with braces or surgically 2. Kyphosis – hunchback Dorsally exaggerate thoracic curvature Common in elderly or from tuberculosis of spine, rickets, or osteomalacia 3. Lordosis – swayback, accentuated lumbar curvature Spinal tuberculosis or osteomalacia Common in people with large belles, pregnant women

Ligaments Elaborate system of cable like supports Strap like ligaments
Major – anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Run down back and front surfaces of vertebrae Posterior – prevents hyperextension

Intervertebral Discs Cushion like pad
2 parts – inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus – rubber ball – gives elasticity and compressibility Surrounded by – anucleus fibrosus – limits expansion when spine is compressed Woven strap Withstands twisting and tension

Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc (c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc Figure 7.17c

Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Anterior longitudinal ligament Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments Figure 7.17a

Intervertebral Discs Shock absorbers Allow to spine to bend and flex
Thickest in lumbar region 25 % of the height of the column Flatten during day – slightly shorter at night Sudden trauma – herniated disc – rupture of anulus fibrosus and protrusion of nucleus pulposus Treatment – heat, massage, exercise. If not must remove protruding disc and fuse vertebrae

Structure of Vertebral Column
Vertebrae – body (centrum) and vertebral arch Enclose opening – vertebral foramen Successive vertebrae – vertebral canal = spinal cord Vertebrae arch – pedicles and laminae Pedicles – bony pillars on inside of arch Laminae – flattened plates Processes from arch – spinous process, transverse process, superior and inferior articular arches

Regional Characteristics
Variation among groups Allow different functions and movements General movements – Flexion and extension – straightening of spine Lateral flexion – upper band right or left Rotation – rotation on long axis of spine

Posterior Vertebral Lamina arch Spinous Transverse process process
Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body (centrum) Anterior Figure 7.18

Cervical Vertebrae (7) C1 C7 Smallest, lightest Typical – C3  C7
Body is oval Except C7 – spinous process is short, projects directly back and bifid – split at top Vertebrae foramens large and generally triangular Transverse process contains transverse foramen

Table 7.2

Cervical Vertebrae (7) C7 – not bifid 1st two – atlas and axis
Larger than others Process visible through skin Landmark for counting vertebrae – vertebra prominens 1st two – atlas and axis More robust No intervertebral disc Highly modified

(a) Cervical vertebrae
Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae Figure 7.20a

Cervical Vertebrae (7) C1 – atlas – no body
No spinous processes Ring of bone “carries” the skull Allow to nod yes C2 – axis – not as specialized Dens – “tooth” projecting from body superiorly Pivot for rotation Allow head to shake no

(a) Superior view of atlas (C1) (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Posterior Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Lateral masses Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Anterior arch Facet for dens Anterior tubercle (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1) Figure 7.19a-b

(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Posterior C2 Spinous process Lamina Inferior articular process Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body (c) Superior view of axis (C2) Figure 7.19c

Thoracic Vertebrae (12) T1  T12 First – like C7
Last 4 – progression towards lumbar Increase in size

Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Characteristics – Body – heart shaped
-2 small faucets – demi facets – receive heads of ribs 2. Vertebral foramen is circular 3. Spinosous process – long and points downward 4. Except T11 and T12 – transverse costal faucets articulate with ribs 5. Faucets in frontal plane – prevent flexion and extension -Allows to rotate – restricted by ribs

Table 7.2

(b) Thoracic vertebrae
Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process (b) Thoracic vertebrae Figure 7.20b

Lumbar Vertebrae (5) L1  L5 Small of back Receives the most stress
Sturdier structure Bodies massive and kidney shaped

Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Pedicles and laminae – shorter and thicker
Spinous process – short, flat, hatchet shaped – project downward Vertebrae foramen – triangular Orientation of facets differs – modification lock vertebrae together and provide stability – flexion/extension possible

Table 7.2

Superior articular process Transverse Body process Intervertebral disc
Inferior articular process Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae Figure 7.20c

Sacrum Triangular shaped Shapes posterior wall of the pelvis
S1 S5 – five fused vertebrae Auricular surfaces and sarcoiliac joints Sacral promontory – bulges into pelvic cavity 4 ridges – transverse ridges

Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Transverse
ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx (a) Anterior view Figure 7.21a

Sacral Facet of Body canal superior Ala articular process Auricular
surface Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) Posterior view Figure 7.21b

Coccyx Tailbone Small triangular bone
4 (sometimes 3) vertebrae fused together Nearly useless bone

Thoracic Cage Chest and bony underlying
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages Protective cage around vital organs (heart, lung, etc.) Supports girdles and upper limbs

(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum True ribs (1–7) Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Figure 7.22a

Sternum Breast bone Lies in anterior midline Flat, ~15 cm long
Fusion of 3 bones – manubrium, body, xiphoid process 3 anatomical landmarks – jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint

(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum True ribs (1–7) Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Figure 7.22a

Ribs 12 pairs Attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae and curve internally towards body surface 7 superior ribs – attach directly to sternum – true or vertebrosternal ribs 5 remaining – false ribs – attach indirectly or entirely lack sternum attachment Ribs 8 – 10 – vertebrochondrial ribs Ribs 11 and 12 – vertebral ribs/floating ribs – no anterior attachment

Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet
(for head of rib) Angle of rib Body of vertebra Head of rib Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage (a) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib Figure 7.23a

Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse
costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (b) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra Figure 7.23b

Ribs Increase in length – 1  7 Decrease in length – 8  12
Bowed flat bone Bulk shaft – transverse process of vertebrae Head, neck, and tubercle 1st pair flattened superiorly horizontal table

Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of limbs and their girdles Appended to axial skeleton Pectoral girdles – attach to upper limbs Pelvic girdles – secure lower limbs Limbs – same plane – 3 major segments connected by moveable parts

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Clavicle and scapula Girdle – usually signifies belt like structure – pectoral does not Girdles attach to upper limbs to axial skeleton and provide attachment points for muscles Light and allow motility Only clavicle attaches to axial skeleton – scapula move freely Socket of shoulder – shallow and poorly reinforced, does not restrict movement, good for flexibility, bad for stability

Clavicle - collarbones
Slender, doublely curved bones Cone shaped at medial sternal end Flattened on lateral – acromial end Anchor muscles Braces – hold scapula and arms out laterally Not very strong, likely to shatter Fracture outward – protect subclavian artery Sensitive to muscle pull Larger and stronger in those who perform manual labor or athletics

Articulated pectoral girdle
Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula (a) Articulated pectoral girdle Figure 7.24a

Right clavicle, superior view
Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Figure 7.24b

Scapulae Shoulder blades Thin, triangular flat bones
“spade” or “Shovel” 3 borders – superior shortest, sharpest Medial, Vertebral Border – parallel vertebrae Lateral or auxiliary, border abuts armpits Shallow fossa – glenoid cavity Spine – easily felt through skin Acromion – triangular portion Acromioclavicular joint – coracoid process – anchors biceps muscle

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect Figure 7.25a

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Figure 7.25b

Upper Limb – 30 bones Arm – upper limb – shoulder  elbow
Humerous - longest, largest bone of upper limb Articulates – scapula and radius/ulna Head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula Coronoid fossa & olecranon fossa – allow ulna to move freely Radial fossa – head of radius

Greater Head of tubercle humerus Lesser Anatomical tubercle neck
Inter- tubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) Anterior view Figure 7.26a

Forearm 2 parallel long bones Radius and ulna
Articulate with each other Radioulnar joint – connected by interosseous membrane

Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Head
Head of radius Neck Coronoid process Radial tuberosity Neck of radius Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 7.27a-b

Ulna Slightly longer than radius forming elbow joint
2 processes – olecranon and coronoid  separated by notch

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon process View Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch (c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Styloid process Head of ulna Styloid process View (d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Figure 7.27c-d

(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial tuberosity Radius Radial notch Ulna (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon process Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Head Ulna Neck Radius (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Figure 7.26c-d

Radius Thin at proximal end – wide distally
Head – shaped like head of nail Radial tuberosity – anchors biceps molecule Contributes with wrist joint Colle’s Fracture – break in distal end of radius Falling person – break their fall

Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Head
Head of radius Neck Coronoid process Radial tuberosity Neck of radius Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 7.27a-b

Hand Wrist – carpus Palm – metacarpals Phalanges - fingers

(a) Anterior view of left hand (b) Posterior view of left hand
Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Metacarpals • Head • Shaft Sesamoid bones • Base Carpals Carpals Carpals • Trapezium • Hamate • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Capitate • Trapezoid • Scaphoid • Pisiform • Scaphoid • Triquetrum Radius • Lunate Ulna Radius (a) Anterior view of left hand (b) Posterior view of left hand Figure 7.28a-b

Carpus (wrist) Carpals – 8 marble sized bones
2 irregular rows of 4 bones Proximal row – (lateral medial) Scaphoid “boat shaped” lunate ‘moon-shaped” triguetrum “triangle” pisciform “pea-shaped” 2. Carpals – distal row Trapezium “little table”  trapezoid “4 sided”  capitate “head-shaped” hamate “hooked”

Carpus (wrist) Carpal tunnel – overuse and inflammation of tendons – swell and compress nerves in the wrist Pain is greatest at night Carpal tunnel syndrome

Metacarpals (palm) 5 radiate from wrist Form palm of hand
Not named – numbered 1-5 Bases – articulate with carpals Heads – articulate with phalanges Thumb (1) – more anterior position

Phalanges (fingers) Digits, fingers 1 – 5 – thumb number 1
3rd fingers usually longest 14 miniature bones Distal, middle, and proximal Thumb – no middle bone

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Attaches lower limbs
Transmits full weight of upper body Supports visceral organs Sparingly attached to thoracic cage Secured to axial skeleton by ligaments Sockets – deep, cuplike Lacks motility of pectoral girdle Formed by pair of hip bones – os coxae or coxal bone 3 regions – ilium, ischium, and pubis (adults – bones fused) Point of fusion - anetabulum

Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis Figure 7.29

Ilium Large, flaring bones Superior region of coxal bone
Body with wing like portion – ala Iliac crests – hands on hips

(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic body Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus (a) Lateral view, right hip bone Figure 7.30a

(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Body of the ilium Arcuate line Greater sciatic notch Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus (b) Medial view, right hip bone Figure 7.30b

Ischium Posteroinferior part of hip bone
Roughly L-shaped or arc shaped Thicker superior body Thinner inferior ramus 3 markings Ischial spine – attachment of ligament – sacrospinous ligament Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity

Pubis Pubic bone Anterior portion of hipbone
Lies nearly horizontally – urinary bladder lies on it Anterior portion – thickened – pubic crest Joined by fibrocartilage – pubis symphsis – forms pubic arch or subpubic angle

Male vs. Female Female – modified for childbearing – wider, shallow, lighter, and rounder Must be large enough to allow infants head to pass False (greater) pelvis and true (lesser) pelvis False bound by alea of ilia – really part of abdomen – helps support viscera True pelvis – region inferior to brim that is surrounded by bone – deep bowl containing pelvic organs Pelvic inlet – pelvic brim – labor – head enter inlet first Then pelvic outlet

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic Female Male Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚ Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally

Lower Limb Carry entire weight of body Subjected to exceptional force
Thicker and stronger than upper limbs

Thigh - Femur Single bone of thigh
Largest, longest, strongest bone in body Clothed in bulky muscles Articulates with hip bone and knee Ball like head, neck, and shaft Ends in wheel like lateral and medial condyles – articulate with tibia Patella – triangular seasmoid bone – enclosed in quadriceps – tendon secures thigh muscles to tibia

Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle (a) Patella (kneecap) Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Figure 7.31

Leg 2 parallel bones – tibia and fibia
Connected by interosseous membrane

Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint
Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Figure 7.32a

Tibia Receives weight of body from femur
2nd only to femur in size and strength

Fibula Stick like bone with slightly expanded ends

Foot Tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
2 functions – supports body weight and acts a lever to propel body forward

Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform
1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Figure 7.33a

Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot
Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Figure 7.33b

2 largest – talus and calcaneous
7 bones – tarsals 2 largest – talus and calcaneous 1 2 3 4 5 Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Figure 7.33a

1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals 5 small bones 1-5, big toe - #1 Figure 7.33a

14 bones – smaller than hands
Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal 1 2 3 4 5 14 bones – smaller than hands 3 on each digit except great toe (hallux) Only 2 – proximal and distal Figure 7.33a

Arch 3 arches – 2 longitudinal – medial and lateral and 1 transverse
Maintained by bones, ligament, and pull of tendons Provide springiness Makes running and walking more economical in terms of energy use Medial – well above ground Lateral – very low Transverse – other way Standing immobile – long periods – strain on tendons and ligaments – flat feet

(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch (a) Lateral aspect of right foot Figure 7.34a

Ch. 7 The Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage

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Ch. 7 The Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage

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Presentation on theme: "Ch. 7 The Skeleton Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage"— Presentation transcript:

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