1. Variations in Consciousness Are you awake right now? How about in 20 minutes?

2. Levels of Awareness Conscious Conscious Subconscious Subconscious Unconscious Unconscious

3. How we measure levels of awareness EEG EEG EMG EMG EOG EOG All used in sleep research All used in sleep research

4. Circadian Rhythms 24 hour or 25 hour? 24 hour or 25 hour? Ignoring circadian rhythms Ignoring circadian rhythms

5. Awake (resting) Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep Stage 3 sleep REM sleep Stage 4 sleep Alpha waves Theta waves Sleep spindlek complex Seconds Delta waves Theta wavesBeta waves Delta waves Beta waves

6. Fig9_5

7. Freud’s theory of dreams Freud believed that nothing Freud believed that nothing we did occurred by chance; every action and thought is motivated by our unconscious at some level. we did occurred by chance; every action and thought is motivated by our unconscious at some level. While we try to repress our urges and impulses they have a way of coming to the surface in disguised forms – such as dreams. While we try to repress our urges and impulses they have a way of coming to the surface in disguised forms – such as dreams.

8. Freud understood the symbolic nature of dreams and believed dreams were a direct connect to our unconscious. Freud understood the symbolic nature of dreams and believed dreams were a direct connect to our unconscious. Freud was preoccupied with sexual content in dreams. Freud was preoccupied with sexual content in dreams.

9. Thoughts repressed during the day also have a way of being fulfilled in your dreams. Freud believed that every imagery and symbol that appears in a dream have a sexual connotation. Anxiety dreams were seen as a sign of repressed sexual impulses Thoughts repressed during the day also have a way of being fulfilled in your dreams. Freud believed that every imagery and symbol that appears in a dream have a sexual connotation. Anxiety dreams were seen as a sign of repressed sexual impulses

10. Activation-Synthesis Model States that dreams represent random and meaningless neural activity States that dreams represent random and meaningless neural activity States that the pons sends out millions of nerve impulses and the cortex tries to make sense of these signals. States that the pons sends out millions of nerve impulses and the cortex tries to make sense of these signals. May create feelings, emotions, random movements, perceptions and meaningless images May create feelings, emotions, random movements, perceptions and meaningless images

11. Cartwright Problem-solving view – work out problems over the course of the night Problem-solving view – work out problems over the course of the night

12. Dream Themes Falling – failing Falling – failing Being attacked or pursued- procrastination Being attacked or pursued- procrastination School, teachers, studying – dreaming of greatness School, teachers, studying – dreaming of greatness Arriving too late – need I say more? (actually, failure) Arriving too late – need I say more? (actually, failure) Being naked in public (vulnerability) Being naked in public (vulnerability)

13. Sleep apnea Most Common Symptoms Most Common Symptoms -Loud Snoring -Waking up non refreshed and having trouble staying awake during the day -Waking up with headaches -Waking up during the night sometimes with the sensation of choking -Waking up sweating -Loud Snoring -Waking up non refreshed and having trouble staying awake during the day -Waking up with headaches -Waking up during the night sometimes with the sensation of choking -Waking up sweating

14. Narcolepsy Symptoms Symptoms Excessive sleepiness. -Temporary decrease or loss of muscle control, especially when getting excited. -Vivid dream-like images when drifting off to sleep or waking up. -Waking up unable to move or talk for a brief time. Excessive sleepiness. -Temporary decrease or loss of muscle control, especially when getting excited. -Vivid dream-like images when drifting off to sleep or waking up. -Waking up unable to move or talk for a brief time.

15. TREATMENT: TREATMENT: There is no cure for narcolepsy. There is no cure for narcolepsy. May be treated with stimulant drugs May be treated with stimulant drugs Basic lifestyle adjustments such as keeping a good sleep schedule, improving diet, increasing exercise and avoiding "exciting" situations may also help to reduce the effects of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Basic lifestyle adjustments such as keeping a good sleep schedule, improving diet, increasing exercise and avoiding "exciting" situations may also help to reduce the effects of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.

16. Insomnia -Difficulty falling asleep -No problem falling asleep but difficulty staying asleep (many awakenings) -Waking up too early -Difficulty falling asleep -No problem falling asleep but difficulty staying asleep (many awakenings) -Waking up too early How much sleep does a person need? How much sleep does a person need? Enough to feel alert during the day. Typically 7 to 9 hours (varies from person to person) of good quality sleep. Enough to feel alert during the day. Typically 7 to 9 hours (varies from person to person) of good quality sleep.

17. Transient and short-term insomnia generally occur in people who are temporarily experiencing one or more of the following: Transient and short-term insomnia generally occur in people who are temporarily experiencing one or more of the following: - stress - environmental noise - extreme temperatures change in the surrounding environment - sleep/wake schedule problems such as those due to jet lag - medication side effects

18. Treatment of insomnia Relaxation Therapy. There are specific and effective techniques that can reduce or eliminate anxiety and body tension. As a result, the person's mind is able to stop "racing," the muscles can relax, and restful sleep can occur. Relaxation Therapy. There are specific and effective techniques that can reduce or eliminate anxiety and body tension. As a result, the person's mind is able to stop "racing," the muscles can relax, and restful sleep can occur.

19. Sleep Restriction Sleep Restriction Don’t spend too much time in bed unsuccessfully trying to sleep. Don’t spend too much time in bed unsuccessfully trying to sleep. Reconditioning Reconditioning associate the bed and bedtime with sleep. associate the bed and bedtime with sleep. Use bed for sleep and relations only Use bed for sleep and relations only

20. Reconditioning cont’d Go to bed only when sleepy. Go to bed only when sleepy. If unable to fall asleep, the person is told to get up, stay up until sleepy, and then return to bed. If unable to fall asleep, the person is told to get up, stay up until sleepy, and then return to bed. Avoid naps Avoid naps Wake up and go to bed at the same time each day. Wake up and go to bed at the same time each day. Eventually the person's body will be conditioned to associate the bed and bedtime with sleep. Eventually the person's body will be conditioned to associate the bed and bedtime with sleep.

21. Pseudo-insomnia These are people who often do, in fact, get enough sleep, but they tend to misjudge the amount that they got. These are people who often do, in fact, get enough sleep, but they tend to misjudge the amount that they got. This is often because of REM deprivation This is often because of REM deprivation Healthology

22. Night terrors Usually occur in stage 3 or 4 – occur during 1 st part of night Usually occur in stage 3 or 4 – occur during 1 st part of night Child usually displays a piercing scream, followed by sudden wakefulness and sympathetic nervous system is activated Child usually displays a piercing scream, followed by sudden wakefulness and sympathetic nervous system is activated The child is very difficult to calm down and may need several minutes to awaken The child is very difficult to calm down and may need several minutes to awaken

23. Night terrors occur in approximately 3-7% of children between the ages of 4-12 Night terrors occur in approximately 3-7% of children between the ages of 4-12 Seems to disappear by adolescence but may require therapy Seems to disappear by adolescence but may require therapy Often do not remember what it was that they were dreaming about Often do not remember what it was that they were dreaming about

24. Nightmares Occur during REM sleep, so we tend to see them occur more towards the 3 rd and 4 th cycle (not stage) of sleep Occur during REM sleep, so we tend to see them occur more towards the 3 rd and 4 th cycle (not stage) of sleep When the person awakes, they often remember the nightmare in detail When the person awakes, they often remember the nightmare in detail Although the nightmare ends upon waking, the anxiety often persists – often due to anxiety Although the nightmare ends upon waking, the anxiety often persists – often due to anxiety

25. Sleepwalking (somnambulism) Usually occurs in stages 3 and 4 (deep NRem) and consists of getting up and walking while sound asleep. Usually occurs in stages 3 and 4 (deep NRem) and consists of getting up and walking while sound asleep. Sleepwalkers generally have poor coordination, are clumsy, but can engage in very limited conversation and have no memory of sleepwalking Sleepwalkers generally have poor coordination, are clumsy, but can engage in very limited conversation and have no memory of sleepwalking

26. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood, however, there are some adults who may sleepwalk, although this may be due to sleep dep., stress, or mental problems. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood, however, there are some adults who may sleepwalk, although this may be due to sleep dep., stress, or mental problems.

27. Hypnosis: myth and reality Myth Mostly just compliance - Willful faking - Reality Highly motivated subjects are often hypnotized Physiological responses indicate subjects are not lying

28. Myth Subjects in a sleeplike state People who are hypnotized often lose control of themselves Hypnosis may help a person remember the past more accurately Reality Subjects are emitting alpha waves-awake but resting Subjects have been able to say no to commands under hypnosis Subject’s memory is often muddled between memory and fantasy