1. Hydrogen Basics Hydrogen First Discovered 1766 - Henry Cavendish –Named for being a “water former” –1 Proton, 1 Electron –H2 - Diatomic Molecule, 2 Protons, 2 Electrons Colorless, Odorless, and has no Taste

2. Hydrogen Basics Burns with a pale Blue Flame Lightest Element in the Universe –H 2 = 1Mol = 1.0016 Grams –Disperses Rapidly - 1/16 the Density of Air –Flammable from 4% to 75% Concentration (40,000 to 750,000ppm) –Non-Toxic –Environmentally Benign

3. Hydrogen Safety Applicable Codes & Standards –NFPA 50A - Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites. Covers the Storage of Hydrogen –ASME/ANSI B31.3 - Process Piping Covers the Marking of Hydrogen –CGA G-5 - Hydrogen Covers the Basics of Hydrogen –CGA G-5.4 - Standard for Hydrogen Piping Systems at Consumer Locations. Covers the Design of Hydrogen Piping Systems –CGA G-5.5 - Hydrogen Vent Systems Covers the Venting of Hydrogen

4. Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen is sold in high pressure steel or aluminum bottles which come in many different sizes. The actual storage capacity is dependent on bottle volume and fill pressure. Each kilowatt hour produced, requires 32 cubic feet of hydrogen Example Bottles Sizes: 8.0 kWh140 lbs261 cu-ft9” x 60” 6.1 kWh125 lbs197 cu-ft9” x 56” 2.5 kWh65 lbs80 cu-ft6” x 37” 1.0 kWh29 lbs33 cu-ft6” x 24”

5. Typical Site Back-Up Power System – Fuel Cell

9. FUEL CELL HYDROGEN OXYGEN HEAT ELECTRICITY

11. HYDROGEN OXYGEN HEAT ELECTRICITY FOSSIL FUELS FUEL CELL ANODE CATHODE ELECTROLYTE

13. One of the oldest designs 70% efficient Catalyst is a non-precious metal Operates at 75-150°F

14. The most developed 40% efficient Platinum catalyst Operates at 400°F Unsuitable for cars

15. The most developed 40% efficient Platinum catalyst Operates at 400°F Unsuitable for cars

16. Best suited to power towns 50-60% efficient Catalyst is a non-precious metal Operates at 1830°F Produces steam

17. CH 3 OH and steam supplied No need for a reformer Methanol is a liquid Operates at 180°F 3-4 years behind the others

18. Operate at low temperatures Have a platinum catalyst Can handle changing power demands Good candidate for automobiles Starts quickly

19. DIFFUSION LAYER CATALYST DIFFUSION LAYER POLYMER ELECTROLYTE

20. How a PEM Fuel Cell Works