1. Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups
Advanced Chemistry
Organic Chemistry:
Functional Groups

2. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
Halides
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Carboxylic Acids
Amines
Amides

3. Functional Groups Functional Groups (FG)
Atom or group of atoms that can be a substituent on a carbon chain
These groups greatly modify the behavior of the hydrocarbon
There are many kinds of FG – most contain different arrangements of oxygen and nitrogen

4. Types of Functional Groups
Halides – hydrocarbons plus a halogen
EX: 1-chlorobutane
C – C – C – C - Cl
EX: 2,2-dibromopropane Br
C – C – C

5. Types of Functional Groups
Halides
Number chain so halide has lowest number
If more than one halide use prefix
di-, tri-, etc
If more than one halide on same carbon write the # twice in the name
2,2-dibromopropane

6. Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols – hydrocarbons w/ an OH group
Number so OH group gets lowest number possible
General Formula: R – OH
R represents the rest of the carbon chain

7. Types of Functional Groups
Alcohols
Name of hydrocarbon changes by adding the suffix to –ol.
Ethane  Ethanol

8. Types of Functional Groups
Alcohol
If more than one OH group, then use prefix indicating how many OH there are
Also indicate the location of the OH groups using numbers
EX: 1,1-propandiol
C – C – C – OH OH

9. Types of Functional Groups
Ethers – organic compounds with an “oxygen bridge.”
General Formula: R – O – R
EX:

10. Types of Functional Groups
Ethers
The name of the ether includes the names of the alkyl groups on each side of the oxygen and then the word ether on the end.
Name alphabetically
Symmetrical ethers get prefix
EX: Methyl Propyl Ether
C – O – C – C – C

11. Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes – organic compounds that contain a double bonded oxygen at the terminal carbon
General Formula: O
R – C – H

12. Types of Functional Groups
Aldehydes
Name of hydrocarbon changes by adding the suffix –al.
EX:
Butane  Butanal

13. Types of Functional Groups
Ketone – a compound that has a double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that is not at the end of the carbon chain.
General Formula: O
R1 – C – R2

14. Types of Functional Groups
Ketones
The name of the keytone is derived from the name of the alkane, the –e ending is switched to –one.
For chains over four carbons, the location of the double bonded oxygen is denoted by a numerical prefix.
EX:
Pentane  Pentanone C C C

15. Types of Functional Groups
Carboxylic Acids – organic compounds that have a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of the carbon chain.
General Formula: O
R – C – O – H

16. Types of Functional Groups
Carboxylic Acid
The –e ending of the alkane is changed to –oic, and the word acid is added.
EX:
Butane  Butanoic Acid
When numbering the carbon chain, the chain starts at the end with the carboxyl group

17. Types of Functional Groups
Esters – organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids
An ester is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an –OR group
General Formula: O
R – C – O – R

18. Types of Functional Groups
Esters
Name the R part of the –OR group first, followed by the name of the acid, with the –ic ending changed to ate.
EX: ethanoic acid  methyl ethanoate

19. Types of Functional Groups
Amines – organic compounds that have an amino group (NH2) attached somewhere on the carbon chain.
General Formula (variations on NH3)
R – N – H R – N – R R – N – R
H H H
Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine

20. Types of Functional Groups
Amines
The amine group is named as a substituent on the carbon chain
If more than one amino group a prefix is used and a number denotes position
EX: propanamine (aminopropane or propyl amine)

21. Types of Functional Groups
Amines
Name primary amines as alkanamines
(e.g. methanamine)
There are several ways to name amines (seen below)

22. Types of Functional Groups
Amines
Name secondary amines by using longest carbon chain for root name, the other chain becomes the substituent
When the two alkyl groups are the same it can also be named as a dialkyl amine.
EX: Diethyl amine

23. Types of Functional Groups
Amines
Name tertiary amines similar to the secondary amines, the longest chain of carbons takes the root name and the other chains become a substituents located on the N
When the three alkyl groups are the same it can be named as a trialkyl amine
Ex: trimethyl amine

24. Types of Functional Groups
Amines
In more complex molecules with multiple substituents, or ones containing higher priority functional groups, the amine is named as an amino- substituent.
It is located by numbering the
longest chain of carbons and
locating the NH2 group by this
numbering scheme
EX: 3-amino-2,6-dimethyl-4-propyloctane

25. Types of Functional Groups
Amides - organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids
An amide is a carboxylic acid that replaces the –OH group with an amino group
General Formula: O
R – C – O – NH2

26. Types of Functional Groups
Amides
When naming amides, replace the –ic with amide.
EX:
Ethanoic acid  Ethanaminde

27. Summary
Definition of Functional Groups
Types of Functional Groups