2. Not so long ago, in a chemistry lab far far away… May the FORCE/area be with you

4. Ideal Gases Ideal gases are imaginary gases that perfectly fit all of the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory.  Gases consist of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their size.  Collisions between gas particles and between particles and the walls of the container are elastic collisions  No kinetic energy is lost in elastic collisions

5. Ideal Gases Ideal Gases (continued)  Gas particles are in constant, rapid motion. They therefore possess kinetic energy, the energy of motion  There are no forces of attraction between gas particles  The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends on temperature, not on the identity of the particle.

6. The Nature of Gases  Gases expand to fill their containers  Gases are fluid – they flow  Gases have low density  1/1000 the density of the equivalent liquid or solid  Gases are compressible  Gases effuse and diffuse

7. Pressure  Is caused by the collisions of molecules with the walls of a container  is equal to force/unit area  SI units = Newton/meter 2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)  1 atmosphere = 101,325 Pa  1 atmosphere = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr  1 atm = 29.92inHg = 14.7 psi = 0.987 bar = 10 m column of water.

8. Measuring Pressure The first device for measuring atmospheric pressure was developed by Evangelista Torricelli during the 17 th century. The device was called a “barometer” Baro = weight Meter = measure

9. An Early Barometer The normal pressure due to the atmosphere at sea level can support a column of mercury that is 760 mm high.

10. Standard Temperature and Pressure “STP” P = 1 atmosphere, 760 torr T =  C, 273 Kelvins The molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.42 liters at STP

11. Converting Celsius to Kelvin Gas law problems involving temperature require that the temperature be in KELVINS! Kelvins =  C + 273 °C = Kelvins - 273

12. The Combined Gas Law The combined gas law expresses the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas. Boyle’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law, and Charles’ law are all derived from this by holding a variable constant.

13. Boyle’s Law Pressure is inversely proportional to volume when temperature is held constant.

14. Charles’s Law The volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature, and extrapolates to zero at zero Kelvin. (P = constant)

15. Gay Lussac’s Law The pressure and temperature of a gas are directly related, provided that the volume remains constant.

16. Avogadro’s Law  For a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas (at low pressures). V = an a = proportionality constant V = volume of the gas n = number of moles of gas

17. Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT  P = pressure in atm  V = volume in liters  n = moles  R = proportionality constant  = 0.08206 L atm/ mol·   T = temperature in Kelvins Holds closely at P < 1 atm

18. Standard Molar Volume Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. - Amedeo Avogadro

19. Gas Density … so at STP…

20. Density and the Ideal Gas Law Combining the formula for density with the Ideal Gas law, substituting and rearranging algebraically: M = Molar Mass P = Pressure R = Gas Constant T = Temperature in Kelvins

21. Gas Stoichiometry #1 If reactants and products are at the same conditions of temperature and pressure, then mole ratios of gases are also volume ratios. 3 H 2 (g) + N 2 (g)  2NH 3 (g) 3 moles H 2 + 1 mole N 2  2 moles NH 3 3 liters H 2 + 1 liter N 2  2 liters NH 3

22. Gas Stoichiometry #2 How many liters of ammonia can be produced when 12 liters of hydrogen react with an excess of nitrogen in a closed container at constant temperature? 3 H 2 (g) + N 2 (g)  2NH 3 (g) 12 L H 2 L H 2 = L NH 3 L NH 3 3 2 8.0

23. Gas Stoichiometry #3 How many liters of oxygen gas, at STP, can be collected from the complete decomposition of 50.0 grams of potassium chlorate? 2 KClO 3 (s)  2 KCl(s) + 3 O 2 (g) = L O 2 50.0 g KClO 3 1 mol KClO 3 122.55 g KClO 3 3 mol O 2 2 mol KClO 3 22.4 L O 2 1 mol O 2 13.7

24. Gas Stoichiometry #4 How many liters of oxygen gas, at 37.0  C and 0.930 atmospheres, can be collected from the complete decomposition of 50.0 grams of potassium chlorate? 2 KClO 3 (s)  2 KCl(s) + 3 O 2 (g) = “n” mol O 2 50.0 g KClO 3 1 mol KClO 3 122.55 g KClO 3 3 mol O 2 2 mol KClO 3 = 0.612 mol O 2 = 16.7 L

25. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures For a mixture of gases in a container, P Total = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 +... This is particularly useful in calculating the pressure of gases collected over water.

26. Kinetic Energy of Gas Particles At the same conditions of temperature, all gases have the same average kinetic energy.

27. The Meaning of Temperature  Kelvin temperature is an index of the random motions of gas particles (higher T means greater motion.)

28. Kinetic Molecular Theory  Particles of matter are ALWAYS in motion  Volume of individual particles is  zero.  Collisions of particles with container walls cause pressure exerted by gas.  Particles exert no forces on each other.  Average kinetic energy  Kelvin temperature of a gas.

29. Diffusion: describes the mixing of gases. The rate of diffusion is the rate of gas mixing. Diffusion

30. Effusion Effusion: describes the passage of gas into an evacuated chamber.

31. I look like Abe Lincoln but I’m really Thomas Graham!

32. Effusion: Diffusion: Graham’s Law Rates of Effusion and Diffusion

33. Real Gases  corrected pressure corrected volume P ideal V ideal Must correct ideal gas behavior when at high pressure (smaller volume) and low temperature (attractive forces become important).